scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of General Words-Terms In Persian and Uzbek Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1050-1056
Author(s):  
Khulkar Vasilovna Mirzakhmedova
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
State Language

According to the history, the Persian language is one of the oldest languages in the world that has not lost its features. Following a different times and historical conditions, Persian words, as well as the Arabic language, influenced the vocabulary of other languages. The vocabulary of the Uzbek language is no exception in this process. From ancient times, the use of the Persian-Tajik language was observed side by side with the languages of the countries of Mawarannahr, in particular with the Uzbek language. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages were integrated into the lexical structure of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as general words in both Persian and Uzbek languages. However, not all general words are used to express the same meaning. There are such original Persian words in the Uzbek language, the semantic border of which has a different meaning in the Persian language, while in the Uzbek language it has a different meaning. It is important to note that these words-terms used in both languages refer to the active speech layer in these languages. In addition, the ways of formation of those general words in comparable languages must comply with international standards. As a result of such studies, clarity is introduced into the questions of the etymological basis and the semantic boundary of general words in the Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, there are a number of general words-terms, such as “оромгоҳ” (“camp”), “деҳқон” (“farmer”), “дастак” (“lever”), “тухумдон” (“ovary”), “хонанда” (“singer”), “олийгоҳ” (“university”) and “лашкаргоҳ” (“military camp”), which do not express meaning as in the Persian language. Even today, these words are general words expressing the features of terms that have been proposed and already have been introduced instead of Russian-international words. A semantic and functional study of such words will contribute to the development of Uzbek lexicology. Because after giving the status of “state language” to the Uzbek language in 1989, the task became to take care of its authority. Accordingly, this article aims to cover the structural-semantic analysis of general Persian words-terms used today in the Uzbek language.

The Problem of the Formation of Philosophical Prose in Persian

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Tatyana G. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Texts

The article discusses the problem of the formation of philosophical prose in the Persian language. The first section presents a brief excursion into the history of philosophical prose in Persian and the stages of formation of modern Persian as a language of science and philosophy. In the Arab-Muslim philosophical tradition, representatives of various schools and trends contributed to the development of philosophical terminology in Farsi. The author dwells on the works of such philosophers as Ibn Sīnā, Nāṣir Khusraw, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Aḥmad al-Ghazālī, ʼAbū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and gives an overview of their works written in Persian. The second section poses the question whether the Persian language proved able to compete with the Arabic language in the field of science. The author examines the style of philosophical prose in Farsi, considering the causes of creation of Persian-language philosophical texts and defining their target audience. The article presents viewpoints of modern orientalist researchers as well as the views of medieval philosophers who wrote in Persian. We find that most philosophical texts in Persian were written for a public who had little or no knowledge of the Arabic language, yet wanted to get acquainted with current philosophical and religious doctrines, albeit in an abbreviated format. The conclusion summarizes and presents two positions regarding the necessity of writing philosophical prose in Persian. According to one point of view, Persian-language philosophical works helped people who did not speak Arabic to get acquainted with the concepts and views of contemporary philosophy. According to an alternative view, there was no special need to compose philosophical texts in Persian, because the corpus of Arabic philosophical terminology had already been formed, and these Arabic terms were widely and successfully used, while the new Persian philosophical vocabulary was difficult to understand.

Text-books for Students by Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Khismatulin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract: the paper describes two text-books written by Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (11th–12th centuries) to teach students with different levels of education and mentality: Persian-language source Zad-i akhirat and Arabic-language source Bidayat al-Hidaya. The possibility of using these two sources with minimal adaptation in the process of modern religious education in Islamic Universities and Madrasas is justified in this paper. This would enrich the teaching experience of Muslim teachers. The possibility of usage of another work by al-Ghazali Kimiya-yi sa‘adat is also discussed in this article.

scholarly journals On the Thermal Stresses Due to Weathering in Natural Stones

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1188
Author(s):  
William Hideki Ito ◽  
Talita Scussiato ◽  
Federico Vagnon ◽  
Anna Maria Ferrero ◽  
Maria Rita Migliazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Physical Weathering ◽  
Mechanism Of Degradation ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Natural Stones

Natural weathering is known as one of the key mechanisms causing degradation in building materials. Great efforts have been made to develop new materials and new processes for protecting those that already exist. Natural stones are an example of a natural material that has been extensively used for building construction since ancient times. In addition, they fit durability, aesthetic, and mechanical requirements. Thus, they still have great importance in the construction business nowadays. Though chemical interactions in natural stones, such as oxidation or hydrolyses, have been widely studied, in the last few decades, the physical weathering due to daily temperature variations has begun to be considered as a key mechanism of degradation and has been incorporated in international standards. This process is particularly important in calcitic marble slabs, where it can cause extensive damages to facades. Consequently, there are restrictive rules for the use of marble as an external coating material in many countries. In this paper, the thermal stresses induced by daily variations in temperature are calculated using geographic and meteorological information. The concept of sol-air temperature is used to estimate the temperatures of the hidden and exposed surfaces of a slab, and Fourier’s law and the theory of elasticity are used to calculate the temperature and stress distribution, respectively. The proposed methodology allows for a detailed reconstruction of the stress induced inside marble slabs using parameters commonly acquired in meteorological stations as input data. The developed methodology was validated by comparing in-situ measurements of the temperature of a building in Pescara (Central Italy). A good correlation between the theoretical and real temperatures was found; in particular, the peak tensile stresses inside the slabs were estimated at 75 kPa.

scholarly journals Contribution to Semantic Analysis of Arabic Language

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Zouaghi ◽  
Mounir Zrigui ◽  
Georges Antoniadis ◽  
Laroussi Merhbene
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
String Matching ◽  
Ambiguous Word ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Lesk Algorithm ◽  
Context Of Use

We propose a new approach for determining the adequate sense of Arabic words. For that, we propose an algorithm based on information retrieval measures to identify the context of use that is the closest to the sentence containing the word to be disambiguated. The contexts of use represent a set of sentences that indicates a particular sense of the ambiguous word. These contexts are generated using the words that define the senses of the ambiguous words, the exact string-matching algorithm, and the corpus. We use the measures employed in the domain of information retrieval, Harman, Croft, and Okapi combined to the Lesk algorithm, to assign the correct sense of those proposed.

Antimicrobial Resistance Control Strategies: A Coordinated Research Initiative Experience in the Asia Pacific Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Lisette Lapierre ◽  
Gabriela Asenjo ◽  
Constanza Vergara ◽  
Javiera Cornejo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
The Status ◽  
Survey Results

The objective was to gather information on the status of antimicrobial surveillance in the Asia Pacific region and suggest control strategies. Twenty-one economies of the Asia Pacific region participated in this initiative. A survey was conducted on antimicrobial use and surveillance throughout the region. A workshop was carried out to create awareness about the issue and discuss the implementation of control strategies. Based on the survey results and workshop conclusions, it can be established that there is better understanding of the implications of antimicrobial resistance in the human medicine area. Only few economies take actions to control antimicrobial resistance on a veterinary/agricultural level. To confront antimicrobial resistance, it is critical to raise awareness; cooperation between all countries is needed to apply international standards, to be able to have harmonized public policies. Countries must align and improve their systems for surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in human, animals, and the environment.

scholarly journals SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF COGNATE WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-71
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Speech Activity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Root Word ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Speech Situation

This article describes the derivational potential of root word combinations belonging to the noun, adjective and verb groups in the English and Uzbek languages and their grammatical functional features on the basis of comparative-typological, comparative and distributive methods at the lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Structural models of derivation of verbs, nouns and adjectives in the English and Uzbek languages and their features are considered based on component analysis, as well as morphological factors that ensure the completeness of derivation, their distinctive and similar features in both languages, the role and importance in the formation of verbal compounds is analyzed in detail. The article also identifies the factors that ensure the transposition of root verbs, nouns and adjectives in English and Uzbek, and describes their structural-functional and contextual-semantic analysis at the required level. Until today’s period of development of linguistics, many problematic processes related to the language system have been studied and researched. This situation can be observed both in the context of world linguistics and in the context of Uzbek linguistics. Linguistics, like all sciences, is constantly evolving. Due to this, it is natural that there are still problematic processes in this sphere today. The fact that the phenomenon of derivation less researched in the context of root words can be related to such problems, because in both English and Uzbek linguistics the problem of derivation of root words is not studied at the required level. Any new word that exists in a language takes its initial form from speech, and thus the speech dependence of the word formed ends, because the next life of a derived word goes on in a language. That is, the derived word takes its place in the paradigm of its own analogical forms after being tested in social speech activity for a certain period of time. Only derivatives that have fully passed such tests will receive the status of a language unit and, like their other paradigms, will begin to function as a means of enriching the language with new constructions. It is well known that the derivational sequence of linguistic units cannot be fully understood only on the basis of grammatical research, because word formation in its extralinguistic basis is a product of speech activity. Since related words are considered not as a finished product of the language, but as a product of speech, since they are artificial words, in speech they are activated only in the form in which they are adapted for communication. In some places, depending on the need for speech, we can also observe cases where two or more related words are involved in the process of communication or in context. In this article, the works of English and Uzbek writers are selected as a source, as well as the degree of influence of the speech situation of both languages on the choice of words is studied and scientifically substantiated on the examples taken for analysis. As a result of syntactic-semantic analysis of root word combinations in the English language, on the basis of a detailed analysis, it was shown that root words can be combined with other words in speech, forming various models.

scholarly journals Legislative regulation of linguistic relationships in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
Iuliya Makarets
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Support ◽  
National Language ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
World Community ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Legislative Regulation ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Language

The article focuses on the issue of legislative regulation of linguistic relationships in Ukraine. The ability of a national language to function as a means of consolidation and national identification depends to a large extent on state linguistic policy, political support that the language receives. The state legislation on language is indicative in this regard while it establishes the status of languages, the linguistic model and the linguistic regime. In accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, the Ukrainian language is a state language in Ukraine. The dynamics of the Ukrainian legislation on languages illustrates the inconsistency of the implementation of this constitutional norm. The article analyzes the milestones of its formation. The content of the basic laws in the sphere of linguistic relationships (Law of the USSR ‘On Languages in the Ukrainian SSR’ (1989), the Law of Ukraine ‘On the Principles of the State Language Policy’ (2012), which is invalid now, and the new Law of Ukraine ‘On the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language’ (2019)), the socio-political tendencies, that preceded their adoption, their evaluation by tpublic and world community as well as their consequences for linguistic situation in Ukraine are described. The possibility of official bilingualism approving is studied. The article analyzes historical, cultural and political preconditions for the adoption of official bi- or multilingualism by other states, acceptability of this linguistic model for Ukraine and possibility to overcome existing linguistic contradictions.

scholarly journals Ethics Committee as A Tool to Improve the Management of Psychological and Pedagogical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 02030
Author(s):  
Alexey Mikhailovich Dvoinin ◽  
Svetlana Evgenievnа Shukshina ◽  
Andrey Andreevich Sevalnikov ◽  
Irina Sergeevna Bulanova ◽  
Henndy Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Ethics Committee ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Ethical Violations ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Academic Practices ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
The University

The article considers the problem of low quality pedagogical and psychological/pedagogical research in the Russian academic context, closely interconnected with bad academic practices in conducting this kind of research. The authors identified the most common ethical violations, including imitation of scientific research, compiling scientific texts, falsification of results, incorrect borrowing, etc. The paper contains a pre-project analysis of the management model of psychological and pedagogical research common in modern Russian universities and conclusions on its failure in the conditions of transition to the global standards for assessing the quality of education and research. The authors present an approach to the development of a model for managing psychological and pedagogical research at the university level. The proposed model is based on international standards of scientific ethics and principles of evidence-based science, and the committee on the ethics of psychological and pedagogical research is its key element. The paper determines the status, structure, functions of the ethics committee, as well as specific features and possible risks of implementing the proposed alternative model in universities with serious problems in the field of good academic practice.

scholarly journals Features of legal nature Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering FATF

2020 ◽  
pp. 370-374
Author(s):  
Оlga Pereverzyeva ◽  
Vasif Gadjiev
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Task Force ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Intergovernmental Organization ◽  
Successful Work ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Organization Analysis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal nature of FATF, the process of its creation, the legal principles of activity,as well as the speciality of its legal entity. Attention is also devoted to the main Conventions, which were signed on the eve of The FirstWorld War and after The Second World War and shows the main preconditions and reasons for the creation of the intergovernmentalorganization FATF.The ongoing growth of the drug business, the expansion of its geographical boundaries, increasingly sophisticated and dangerousforms of this criminal business, the struggle of states on large-scale crime related to the legalization of criminal proceeds led to the creationof FATF and it achieved important results in this area.FATF cannot be considered by an international organization because it has not been established on the basis of an internationaltreaty and does not have an approved statute. However, despite this, FATF has a decision to establish a group – this is the legal basisfor its activities and is an intergovernmental organization. Analysis of FATF’s activities shows that FATF’s initial priority was to combatlaundering of proceeds from drug trafficking. Today FATF’s activities have three main directions: expanding the actions of its adoptedrecommendations to all continents and regions of the globe; checking how member states are executed and how anti-money launderingmeasures are implemented in other states, based on 40 plus 9 FATF recommendations that are guidance to action; tracking worldwidemethods and schemes of laundering criminally used capital and developing countermeasures. To date, a set of 40 FATF recommendationsand 9 Special Recommendations for Countering The Financing of Terrorism is a set of universal standards that lead to a successfulfight against money laundering. The new version of this document was adopted in 1996, 2003 and 2012. One of FATF activities is todefine so-called non-cooperative countries and territories and make their list, which is called the «blacklist». Although the country’sinclusion in the “blacklist” does not lead to the application of sanctions by the world community, it indicates a degree of trust in it onthe part of foreign investors. Lacking the status of an international legal act, FATF’s recommendations in practice received generalrecognition as universal international standards in the field of anti-money laundering. Successful work on counteracting the launderingof dirty funds should be carried out simultaneously at two levels – at international and national levels. FATF functions – to monitor theprocesses of implementation of such measures, to study ways and techniques of money laundering, to develop preventive and preventivemeasures, to promote the global implementation of anti-money laundering standards. FATF’s recommendations in practice receivedgeneral recognition as universal international standards in the field of anti-money laundering. Every year FATF organizes meetings onthe analysis of methods and trends related to combating the laundering of criminal proceeds and financing of terrorism.

scholarly journals Establishing an international laboratory network for neglected tropical diseases: Understanding existing capacity in five WHO regions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1464
Author(s):  
Laura Dean ◽  
Janet Njelesani ◽  
Charles Mulamba ◽  
Russell Dacombe ◽  
Pamela S. Mbabazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The Status

Background. Limited laboratory capacity is a significant bottleneck in meeting global targets for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). Laboratories are essential for providing clinical data and monitoring data about the status and changes in NTD prevalence, and for detecting early drug resistance. Currently NTD laboratory networks are informal and specialist laboratory expertise is not well publicised, making it difficult to share global expertise and provide training, supervision, and quality assurance for NTD diagnosis and research. This study aimed to identify laboratories within five World Health Organisation regions (South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Western Pacific and Europe) that provide NTD services and could be regarded as national or regional reference laboratories, and to conduct a survey to document their networks and capacity to support NTD programmes. Methods. Potential NTD reference laboratories were identified through systematic searches, snowball sampling and key informants. Results. Thirty-two laboratories responded to the survey. The laboratories covered 25 different NTDs and their main regional and national roles were to provide technical support and training, research, test validation and standard setting. Two thirds of the laboratories were based in academic institutions and almost half had less than 11 staff. Although greater than 90 per cent of the laboratories had adequate technical skills to function as an NTD reference laboratory, almost all laboratories lacked systems for external verification that their results met international standards. Conclusions. This study highlights that although  many laboratories believed they could act as a reference laboratory, only a few had all the characteristics required to fulfil this role as they fell short in the standard and quality assurance of laboratory processes. Networks of high quality laboratories are essential for the control and elimination of disease and this study presents a critical first step in the development of such networks for NTDs.

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