The Anxiolytic effect of salicylic acid is mediated via the GABAergic system

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound in plants with many beneficial effects for humans. The anxiolytic effect of this compound has been reported in animal models, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, by using the fear potentiated plus maze test, we evaluated the effect of salicylic acid on the gene expression of the main form of GABA synthesizing enzyme i.e., the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), in the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus. Also, the hypnotic effect of Salicylic acid was evaluated. Animals were divided into the solvent, (SA) and diazepam treated groups (n = 6). For evaluating the anxiolytic effect of Salicylic acid, animals were subjected to 2 hours of isolation, before placing them in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Afterward, the ventral part of the hippocampus was removed for evaluating the change in (GAD67) gene expression by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) technique. The hypnotic effect of Salicylic acid was evaluated in the ketamine induced sleeping test. Our results showed that Salicylic acid at 10, 30 (mg/kg) increased time spent and entries to the open arms in the (EPM) (p < 0.05). (RTqPCR) revealed that 30mg/kg of Salicylic acid increased (GAD67) gene expression (p < 0.001). Salicylic acid (30 and 300 mg/kg) also increased the duration of sleep, in ketamine induced sleeping test (p < 0.05). Our results showed that Salicylic acid has anxiolytic and hypnotic effects and it exerts its anxiolytic effect partly, via up regulation of (GAD67) in the ventral part of the hippocampus.

Meat Qualities and Interior Features of Crossbred Young Sheep when Using a Microbiological Preparation

Представлены результаты исследований влияния микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга на мясные качества и интерьерные особенности помесных ягнят, полученных на базе МАУ «Ярославский зоопарк». Мясную продуктивность молодняка овец оценивали по показателям массы туши, выхода туши и убойному выходу. Интерьерные особенности определяли по абсолютной и относительной массе внутренних органов (печени и почек), желудочно-кишечного тракта и развитию слизистой оболочки рубца. У опытных ягнят оказались лучше развиты мясные качества (предубойная масса, масса и выход туши), чем у сверстников контрольной группы. Преимущество по предубойной массе у опытных ягнят над их сверстниками, не получавшими микробиологический препарат, составило 2,7 кг, по выходу туши – 2,7%, убойному выходу – 2,9%. По линейным размерам печени и почек существенных отличий обнаружено не было. При этом масса печени у ягнят опытной группы была на 21,1 г больше. Включение микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга в рацион ягнят способствовало лучшему развитию органов пищеварительного тракта, слизистой оболочки рубца и сосочков на ней. Самые высокие и крупные сосочки имелись на вентральной части рубца, их высота у ягнят составила 3–4 мм. В дорсальном мешке рубца они менее развиты, в среднем в группах высота сосочков составила 1,5–2,3 мм. При лучшем их развитии увеличивается контактная поверхность рубца, в результате повышается использование питательных веществ кормов, что выражается в лучших мясных качествах животных. The research results of influence of microbiological preparation EM-Kurung on meat qualities and interior features of crossbred lambs obtained on the basis of MAI "Yaroslavl Zoo" are presented. The meat productivity of young sheep was assessed by the mass of carcass, the yield of carcass and the slaughter yield. Interior features were determined by the absolute and relative weight of innards (liver and kidneys), the gastrointestinal tract and the development of the rumen mucus membrane. Experimental lambs turned out to have better developed meat qualities (pre-slaughter mass, mass and carcass yield) than herdmates of the control group. The advantage in pre-slaughter weight of experimental lambs over their herdmates who did not receive the microbiological preparation was 2.7 kg, in carcass yield – 2.7%, in slaughter yield – 2.9%. No significant differences were found in linear liver and kidney sizes. At the same time, the liver weight of the experimental group lambs was 21.1 g more. The inclusion of the microbiological preparation EM-Kurung in the lamb diet contributed to the better development of the digestive tract organs, the rumen mucus membrane and papillae on it. The highest and largest papillae were on the ventral part of the rumen, their height in the lambs was 3–4 mm. In the dorsal sac of the rumen they are less developed, on average in groups the height of papillae was 1.5–2.3 mm. With their best development the contact surface of the rumen increases, as a result, the use of nutrients of feed increases, which is expressed in the best meat qualities of animals.

The course of facial corticobulbar tract fibers in the dorsolateral medulla oblongata

Background The course of the corticobulbar tract (CBT) to the facial nucleus has been investigated by some previous studies. However, there are some unclear points of the course of the CBT to the facial nucleus. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed course of the CBT to the facial nucleus through the analysis of lateral medullary infarction (LMI) cases. Methods The neurological characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging findings of 33 consecutive patients with LMI were evaluated. The location of the lesions was classified rostro-caudally (upper, middle, or lower) and horizontally. Further, we compared the neurological characteristics between the groups with and without central facial paresis (FP). Results Eight (24%) patients with central FP ipsilateral to the lesion were identified. Dysphagia and hiccups were more frequently observed in the group with central FP than in the group without central FP. In patients with central FP, middle medullary lesions and those including the ventral part of the dorsolateral medulla were more frequently observed. Contrastingly, patients with lesions restricted to the lateral and dorsal regions of the dorsolateral medulla did not present with central FP. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the CBT to the facial nucleus descends with the corticospinal tract at least to the middle portion of the medulla, and then ascends to the facial nucleus through the medial and ventral areas of the dorsolateral medulla after decussation.

‘Nemacheilus’ argyrogaster, a new species of loach from southern Laos (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)

‘Nemacheilus’ argyrogaster, new species, is described from the Xe Kong, Mekong drainage, in Attapeu and Xe Kong provinces, southern Laos. It is distinguished from all other Nemacheilidae in Southeast Asia by its unique colour pattern made of a bold black midlateral stripe separating the yellowish brown dorsal part of the body from the silvery whitish ventral part and a middorsal row of 14–19 thin saddles. Besides, the male has a globulous suborbital flap with tubercles along its free, posterior edge, and the pectoral fin with thickened anterior ray and branched rays 1–4 and unculiferous pads behind them covered by small tubercles; lips thin, lower lip continuous with a narrow median notch. It was found in moderate to fast flowing water, over pebble to stone bottom. ‘Nemacheilus’ argyrogaster, was earlier misidentified as N. longistriatus; it is provisionally placed in the genus Nemacheilus.

Episiectomy and partial vaginectomy with urethroplasty for excision of vulvar mast cell tumour in a female dog

This case report describes the surgical treatment of a grade II mast cell tumour in the vulvar region of a 4-year-old female Miniature Pinscher dog. The patient weighed 2 kg, and the tumour measured 2 cm in diameter. The surgery involved an episiotomy, a partial vaginectomy, and a subsequent urethroplasty. Due to the patient’s small size, the surgical margins were set at 2 cm laterally and 2 cm deep, which meant that the entire vulva, as well as the ventral part of the vaginal canal had to be removed. Afterwards, the urethral ostium was elliptically fixed to the skin at the end of the urethroplasty. The follow-up evaluations revealed an excellent recovery without metastasis or recurrence over the following two years.

Two new species of Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971 (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand

Two new species of the subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971 are described from the Western part of Thailand: Pseudostrandesia ratchaburiensis sp. nov. and Strandesia prachuapensis sp. nov. Pseudostrandesia ratchaburiensis sp. nov. is mainly characterized by a flange on the antero-ventral part of the left valve (LV), a markedly large β seta on the mandibular (Md) palp, serrated bristles on the third endite of the maxillula (Mx1), a slender caudal ramus (CR) with a long claw Ga (length ca half that of the ramus) and a relatively low number (13) of spiny whorls in the Zenker’s organ. The discovery of both males and females of Pseudostrandesia ratchaburiensis sp. nov. in the present study constitutes the first report of a sexual population in this genus, thereby allowing for a comparison of the male reproductive organs (hemipenis and Zenker’s organ) from a new species with those of other genera of Cypricercinae. Strandesia prachuapensis sp. nov. is most closely related to Strandesia odiosa (Moniez, 1892) and Strandesia flavescens Klie, 1932 as they bear similar anterior flanges on the right valve (RV). The key diagnostic features of the new Strandesia species are a large carapace (ca 1.5 mm), an angulated antero-ventral part of the LV, a weak and small anterior inner list on the LV, an anterior flange on the RV, a markedly small aesthetasc Y on the second antenna, a large β seta on the Md-palp, smooth bristles on the third endite of the Mx1 and a slender CR with a short claw Ga (length ca ⅓ of the ramus). In addition, Pseudostrandesia complexa (Victor &#38; Fernando, 1981) comb. nov. is here proposed.

Enigmabelus n. gen. (Enigmabelitidae n. f.), an Early Jurassic (Late Pliensbachian) belemnite with an outstanding rostrum morphology

The Subboreal marly facies of the Lower Jurassic (Upper Pliensbachian) Amaltheenton Formation in southern Germany contains a reduced association of belemnite species. Based on their rostra, we here describe three new taxa, Enigmabelus doppelsteini n. g. n. sp., E. micros n. sp., and ? E. leptos n. sp. included in a new family Enigmabelitidae, which is assigned to the suborder Belemnitina. All specimens come from the few centimetres thick echinid-pectinid horizon, uppermost Pliensbachian, of the clay pit south of Buttenheim (Germany, northern Bavaria). The moderately slender to slender and small rostra (between 8 and about 25 mm) exhibit uncommon and unique features, for instance the reduction of the ventral part of the rostrum resulting in an open alveolus. Most unusual is the apical line of the Enigmabelitidae n. f., which runs along the ventral surface of the rostrum solidum causing a fan-like arrangement of calcite crystals (instead of a concentric arrangement). We therefore introduce the perilineate apical line.

Macroanatomical Investigations on Renal Arteries of Southern Karaman Sheep

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the arterial vascularization of the kidneys in the South Karaman sheep breed. Twelve South Karaman sheep kidneys were used in the study. The course of the renal arteries in the kidney was examined by means of dissection and corrosion cast techniques. The kidneys were vascularized with right renal artery and left renal artery to the arteries originating from the abdominal aorta. Right renal artery was seen to be slightly more prominent than the left renal artery. Left renal artery was measured longer and thicker than the right renal artery. The renal artery entering the renal hilus, dorsal and ventral part of the renal artery were detected. However, in several materials, the left renal artery was shown to have a third branch. The dorsal and ventral branches gave interlobar artery with numbers ranging from 2-5. Each interlobar artery had multiple arcuate artery. These arteries ended by giving the interlobular artery. Anastomosis was not observed between the renal arteries. Although there were some important variations in the distribution of renal arteries of South Karaman sheep, similar findings were reported in the literature.