The symbolic meaning of the Sandeq boat making process among the Mandarese

This article aims to explain the symbolic meaning in the process of making the traditional sandeq boat of the Mandar people. The data collection process was carried out from April to June 2017. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 6 purposively selected expert informants, as well as direct observation in the field. The results of this study indicate that the ritual that accompanies the making of the traditional sandeq boat is seen in three main stages, namely: at the beginning of boat building, in the process of making boats, and launching boats into the sea. The meaning contained in the implementation of the ritual is the hope that it will always be given safety in using the boat. In addition, the ritual also intends to ask for abundant sustenance from the process of going to sea later. The religious value of the Mandar people is clearly seen from every stage of the ritual carried out, using mantras and prayers as verbal messages adopted from the Quran and with Islamic nuances. In addition, nonverbal messages in the ritual of making sandeq boats are centered on the use of ussul or the knowledge system of the local community which is carried out with actions or symbolic objects to show their hopes or desires.

Recommendations on Cultural Heritage Site Management Plan for the Punjulharjo Boat in Rembang, Central Java

The Punjulharjo boat is a wooden watercraft, built in the traditional Southeast Asian boat building technique called lashed-lug tradition. It was found in 2008, excavated, and later was dismantled for a lengthy conservation process. In early 2018, the hull was reassembled to be displayed for public. The site where the boat was found, and now displayed, has been listed as a heritage site under the Regulation of The Minister of Culture and Tourism No. 57 of 2010, but a management plan of it is still non-existent. Recommendations in this proposed management plan was amassed in accordance to international standards on site management plan. Data was collected from direct site observation, with the assistance of consultations to related references. This plan outlines objectives and strategy in managing the Punjulharjo site, and hopefully can serve as guidelines for the Regional Government of the District of Rembang as the manager of the site.

Pomeranian carbases (Karelian, Pomeranian and Summer coasts).

For the first time in the last century,the article describes the main varieties of traditional Pomeranian carbases of the Karelian, Pomeranian and Summer shores of the middle of the XIX —beginning of the XXI centuries. They included a whole line of navigational facilities from completely seaworthy, which made it possible to reach Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard, to the smallest coastal voyages. Carbases had both structural features common to all of them, and specific ones related to the use for a specific fishery, transport specification, less often shipping features off their own shores. Traditions developed during the construction and use of carbases by pomors had a significant impact on boat building within the continental territories connected with the White Sea by large rivers.

Benchmarking Profitability Derivatives of Labour Cost in Boatyards for a Sustainable Coastal Environment in Nigeria

The research benchmarks the profitability derivatives of labour cost of boatyards for a sustainable coastal environment in Nigeria so as to proffer solutions towards ameliorating wage increase agitations by workers of boatyards. Using the Linear Programming (LP) approach applied to the extracted information on selling price of various boat types and the cost of materials available in the records of the selected boat yard, a model is formulated and solved to attain optimality for the boat types modeled. The findings reveal that boat yards in the area could produce 6 units of the Nineteen Capacity Passenger Boat (NCPB), 1 unit of the Twenty three Capacity Passenger Boat (TCPB) and 0 unit of the Twenty three Carrier Boat (TCCB) in order to attain an optimal profit of N1, 098,000. 00 per unit boat built. The research impact would be that boat building firms within the coastal environment may enjoy profit margins up to N386, 000. 00 when compared to the previous firm’s total profit of N712, 000.00. This is supported by the sensitivity analysis that reveals that increased labour cost has no significant effect on the profit margin of the firm. This justifies the increased wage agitation by workers which could be considered by the firm’s management. The practical impact would be felt on the overall productivity of the boat yard as there is a maximized profit margin and minimized wastage of component materials in the boat building process. The firms would concentrate on the production of the NCPB and TCPB against the production of TCCB because the agrarian and coastal nature of the Niger delta pre supposes a push in the demand for passenger transportation against heavy cargo transportation which is costly and left in the hands of few wealthy and Multinational companies that could afford heavy building construction as well as industrial plants. It is further recommended that boatyards within the coastal environment and Niger delta should leverage on this benchmark to continuously embark on profit maximization while reducing wastage of component materials and cost as low as possible which ultimately would lead to a sustainable coastal environment in respect of small craft design.

Arsenic Poisoning: The Risk, Clinical Features and Treatment

Environmental exposure to arsenic, is a major concern in many industrialized countries. Although metals occur naturally in the environment but human activities cause more metals releases and have altered the natural cycling of the elements. These exposures occurs mostly from diet (water and food consumption), inhalation from air and metals related occupational exposure like leaded gasoline, industrial processes such as smelting of lead and its combustion, pottery, boat building, mining industry, exhaust fumes of vehicles, metal based painting, metal containing pipes, battery recycling, grids, arm industry, pigments, printing of books, etc Exposure to arsenic may affect nutrient metabolism and can cause a variety of health effects in human. Cancer, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicicty, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, brain damage, lungs damage, gastrointestinal distress and haematological alterations are the most frequently documented health implication associated with arsenic intoxication. Consequently, this this paper provide a deep understanding of arsenic, their sources, routes of exposure, the mechanisms of occasioning their toxicity, health implications in human and to identify substances that contribute to overcome their hazardous effects in human.

Electrochemical Characteristics of BIS 2062 Carbon Steel Under Simulated Ocean Acidification Scenario

Dear Professor,<div><p>I am herewith enclosing a research paper entitled “<b>Electrochemical characteristics of BIS 2062 carbon steel under simulated ocean acidification scenario.</b>” authored by Devika KR, and me. </p> <p>The research paper highlights the behavior of carbon steel in acidified natural seawater. Ocean acidification is a burning issue under climate change. Several studies have undertaken to understand the behavior marine organisms and marine environment. No studies have initiated regarding the deterioration of materials due to ocean acidification. Large number of materials were deployed in the ocean with different objectives. These materials are under risk as the ocean acidification continues. We believe this is the first attempt to study the impact of ocean acidification on carbon steel. </p> <p>The study conducted to evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on BIS 2062 boat building steel. The results showed that the carbon steel will deteriorate 2 to 3 times higher when pH was changed from 8.05 to 7.90. The data highlights the immediate need to redesign the marine materials within 1-2 decade. The paper also highlights the possible mechanism of deterioration under different pH scenario.</p><p>Thanking you</p><p>Sincerely</p><p>ashrafp</p><br></div>

Electrochemical Characteristics of BIS 2062 Carbon Steel Under Simulated Ocean Acidification Scenario

Dear Professor,<div><p>I am herewith enclosing a research paper entitled “<b>Electrochemical characteristics of BIS 2062 carbon steel under simulated ocean acidification scenario.</b>” authored by Devika KR, and me. </p> <p>The research paper highlights the behavior of carbon steel in acidified natural seawater. Ocean acidification is a burning issue under climate change. Several studies have undertaken to understand the behavior marine organisms and marine environment. No studies have initiated regarding the deterioration of materials due to ocean acidification. Large number of materials were deployed in the ocean with different objectives. These materials are under risk as the ocean acidification continues. We believe this is the first attempt to study the impact of ocean acidification on carbon steel. </p> <p>The study conducted to evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on BIS 2062 boat building steel. The results showed that the carbon steel will deteriorate 2 to 3 times higher when pH was changed from 8.05 to 7.90. The data highlights the immediate need to redesign the marine materials within 1-2 decade. The paper also highlights the possible mechanism of deterioration under different pH scenario.</p><p>Thanking you</p><p>Sincerely</p><p>ashrafp</p><br></div>