The State of Higher Mental Functions in Freedivers

The article is devoted to the study of higher mental functions in freedivers performing prolonged breath holdings. The paper presents studies of the influence of prolonged hypoxia on the state of higher mental functions in freedivers, as well as a description of the qualitative characteristics of higher mental functions, in contrast to those people who do not practice this kind of sport.

Neurodidactics — an innovative trend of personalised education

В современном информационном обществе утверждается новая образовательная парадигма — персонализированное обучение. Его содержательным ядром является нейродидактика, исследующая закономерности обучения, связанные с особенностями деятельности высших психических функций мозга. Задача нейродидактики — персонализация учебной деятельности и персонификация обучающихся. A new educational paradigm — personalised education, is asserting itself in modern society. Its core is neurodidactics, which studies the learning patterns connected to the peculiarities of the higher mental functions of the brain. The goal of neurodidactics is the personalization of the educational process and the personification of students’ personalities.

Children’s graphic representation as a language and its role in preschool education under a whole-child approach

The objective of the present study is to analyze the drawings of the space by children as a representation system involving spatial thinking and higher mental functions such as memory and imagination. Our analysis is based on the historical-cultural theory on human development and on studies about the relation between spatial thinking and the graphic representation of space. Drawing is a language, the first written production by children and is characterized by elements associated with the cognition, culture, motor development and affectivity. Three elements were considered in our analysis: a) the creation of graphic equivalents; b) volume translation; c) perspective. We understand that the topological and projective notions must be based on the development of higher mental functions that mobilize the creation activity, such as memory and imagination, since such these functions constitute instruments to access systematized knowledge.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH: A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL APPROACH

The article considers a number of positions in cultural and historical approach of L. S. Vygotsky, explaining internal mechanisms of the influence of research activities on the development of higher mental functions and personal qualities of a child. The article shows the importance of research activities in the development of children’s subjective position, the harmonization of their relations with adults.

ACTIVATION OF THE COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF STUDENTS WITH THE USE OF NEUROSYCHOLOGICAL EXERCISES IN ONLINE LEARNING FORMAT

Введение. Рассматриваются возможности оптимизации обучения с точки зрения нейронауки, в частности нейропсихологического подхода. Предлагается решение проблемы повышения качества вузовского образования в эпоху цифровизации через активизацию когнитивных процессов студентов. Цель – показать возможности применения нейропсихологических упражнений в вузе в формате онлайн для профилактики нейроэрозии и стимуляции мотивации обучения и когнитивных процессов студентов. Материал и методы. Обобщен опыт преподавания автором дисциплин для бакалавров и магистрантов по профилю «Логопедия» и «Олигофренопедагогика» с включением нейропсихологических упражнений в структуру лекционных и семинарских занятий. Использованы теоретический анализ научной литературы, материалов и публикаций психолого-педагогической печати, анкетирование и интервьюирование обучающихся в формате удаленного обучения в период летней сессии 2020 г. Результаты и обсуждение. Изменение образовательной среды с появлением цифровой реальности в вузе предполагает освоение новых способов и форм обучения, включение средств активизации обучающихся с целью уменьшения рисков удаленного образования. Значимыми проблемами цифровизации образования являются профилактика ослабления когнитивных процессов обучающихся, активизация мотивации обучения, выработка самоконтроля учебной деятельности. Показана целесообразность применения нейропсихологических упражнений в качестве инструмента, стимулирующего высшие психические функции обучающихся в вузе. В результате анкетирования 213 студентов очного и заочного отделения по направлению подготовки 44.03.03 Специальное (дефектологическое) образование по профилю «Логопедия» и «Олигофренопедагогика» выявлены прогнозируемые результаты использования нейропсихологических упражнений для повышения продуктивности обучения в онлайн-формате. Заключение. Нейропсихологические приемы могут применяться в профессиональной подготовке как универсальное средство развития когнитивных процессов и профилактики торможения высших психических функций обучающихся, повышения мотивации к освоению учебных дисциплин на уровне бакалавриата и магистратуры. В цифровом формате вузовского обучения актуализируется потребность в повышении внутренней мотивации студентов к обучению, формировании способов самоорганизации и выработке самоконтроля за освоением образовательной программы. Introduction. The article discusses the possibilities of optimizing learning from the point of view of neuroscience, in particular, the neuropsychological approach. A solution to the problem of improving the quality of higher education in the era of digitalization through the activation of cognitive processes of students is proposed. The Aim is to show the possibilities of using neuropsychological exercises in a remote format of higher education for the prevention of neuroerosion and stimulation of learning motivation and cognitive processes of students are shown. Material and methods. The article is based on the author’s generalization of the experience of teaching subjects for bachelors and undergraduates in the field of «Speech Therapy» and «Oligophrenopedagogics» with the inclusion of neuropsychological exercises in the structure of lectures and seminars. The following methods were used: theoretical analysis of scientific literature, materials and publications of the psychological and pedagogical press, questionnaires and interviews of students in the remote learning format during the summer session of 2020. Results and discussion. Changing the educational environment with the advent of digital reality in higher education involves the development of new ways and forms of learning, the inclusion of means of activating students in order to reduce the risks of remote education. Significant problems of digitalization of education are prevention of weakening of cognitive processes, activation of learning motivation, development of self-control of educational activities. The expediency of using neuropsychological exercises as a tool that stimulates higher mental functions of students in higher education is shown. As a result of a questionnaire survey of 213 full-time and part-time students in the direction of preparation 44.03.03 Special (defectological) education in the profile of «Speech therapy» and «Oligophrenopedagogy», projected results of the use of neuropsychological exercises to increase the productivity of learning in the online format were revealed. Conclusion. Neuropsychological techniques can be used in professional training as a universal means of developing cognitive processes and preventing inhibition of higher mental functions of students, increasing motivation to master academic disciplines at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. In the digital format of University education, the need to increase students’ internal motivation to study, form ways of self-organization and develop self-control over the development of the educational program is actualized.

Development of higher mental functions through music lessons: neurocognitive aspects of music learning

The article contains theoretical material on higher mental functions and neurocognitive mechanisms involved in providing various forms of musical learning (playing a musical instrument, singing, working with rhythm). The article provides a niveau identification of the areas of the cerebral cortex involved in the perception and processing of musical impressions, in the implementation of highly coordinated motor activity, auditory control, perception of melody and rhythm. The neurocognitive features are indicated that are formed in a child during active music playing and during passive listening to music. The article provides information on the formation of certain competencies during music lessons and the possibilities of their subsequent improvement in other aspects of educational activities, in sports, in the study of foreign languages, in the development of emotional intelligence, in the training of adaptability and cognitive flexibility.

Neuropsychological approach in the correction of specific language impairment among older preschool children

Theoretical and methodological analysis substantiated the expediency of using a neuropsychological approach in correctional, developmental and speech therapy work with children with specific language impairment. The features of the functioning of the higher mental functions of a child with disabilities are considered. The analysis of the development of higher mental functions, mental processes, formation of cognitive and motor spheres of a child with disabilities allows to identify the potential of their development, relying on preserved mental functions. This makes it possible to make a more detailed prognosis of development, an individual plan of correctional and developmental and speech therapy work based on an integrated approach, using a complete system analysis of the child’s higher mental functions. We analyze in the context of the application of neuropsychological technologies the process of correcting the specific language impairment among older preschool children. The neuroscience has a huge role in solving problems of related scientific fields: pedagogy, psychology, defectology. The use of neuropsychological technologies and techniques is effective in correctional and speech therapy work with children with specific language impairment. The application of the neuropsychological approach makes it possible to in-depth analysis of the structure of the speech defect, allows to identify both the symptoms of speech disorders and the insufficiency of higher mental functions of the child. Therefore, the neuropsychological approach in correcting the specific language impairment among older preschoolers allows to get a more complete picture of the possibilities of developing higher mental functions of the child and organize speech therapy based on preserved mental functions.