NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM DỊCH TỄ BỆNH SÁN LÁ RUỘT Ở GÀ THẢ VƯỜN NUÔI TẠI TỈNH THÁI NGUYÊN

Đã định danh được 3 loài sán lá ruột ký sinh ở gà nuôi thả vườn tại 3 huyện của tỉnh Thái Nguyên, gồm: Hypoderaeum conoideum, Echinostoma revolutum và Notocotylus intestinalis. Tỷ lệ nhiễm sán lá ruột ở 3 huyện của tỉnh Thái Nguyên là 16,33% với cường độ từ nhẹ đến rất nặng, trong đó chủ yếu nhiễm ở cường độ nhẹ và trung bình. Huyện Phú Bình có tỷ lệ và cường độ nhiễm sán lá ruột cao nhất (18,94%), tiếp đến là huyện Đồng Hỷ (15,38%) và thấp nhất là huyện Phú Lương (14,41%). Gà giai đoạn trên 6 tháng tuổi nhiễm cao nhất (21,55%), giảm xuống 16,89% ở giai đoạn > 3 - 6 tháng tuổi và thấp nhất ở giai đoạn ≤ 3 tháng tuổi (9,86%). Gà nuôi ở vụ Xuân - Hè nhiễm sán lá ruột cao hơn vụ Thu - Đông (20,10% so với 11,92%). Thời gian trứng phát triển thành Miracidium trong môi trường nước ở vụ Xuân - Hè cao hơn vụ Thu - Đông.

A systematic review of flukes (Trematoda) of domestic goose (Anser anser dom.)

Trematodes are one of the most numerous and widespread groups of parasitic invertebrates among helminths, characterized by a complex life cycle. As the final host, digenetic flukes parasitize vertebrates, including domestic waterfowl. Infection of hosts with parasitic digenetic worms causes huge economic damage to poultry. But trematode fauna of domestic geese are presented mainly only for individual regions. Despite the fact that there is already a systematic review of tapeworms and acanthocephala of domestic birds – geese and ducks, there are, unfortunately, no review articles on the taxonomy of digenetic flukes for geese (Anser anser dom.). Taking into account the relevance of the topic, based on our own and extensive literature data, we set the task to determine the general species composition of digenetic flukes (Trematoda), parasitizing in domestic geese which have been recorded in the world until 2020. Each Trematoda species is provided with the following data: scientific name, authority and year, first, second intermediate, auxiliary and final hosts, site in the host body, collecting localities and geographic distribution, and literature sources. Currently it is established that there are 149 species of helminths parasitising domestic geese. The taxonomic composition of the class Trematoda registered in domestic geese consists of 2 classes, 14 families, 30 genera and 65 species. Of all the species of trematodes parasitizing in domestic geese, 44 species have been recorded in Europe, 26 species in Asia, 6 species in North America, 1 species in South America, 1 species in Africa and 2 species in Oceania. Three species are registered in domestic geese (Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Echinostoma revolutum, Prosthogonimus ovatus) are cosmopolitan parasites. The biggest species diversity is characterized by the families Echinostomatidae (17 species) and Notocotylidae (12 species). There are 11 species of digenetic flukes recorded in domestic geese Cyclocoelum mutabile, Echinostoma grande, E. paraulum, E. revolutum, E. robustum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Paryphostomum novum, P. pentalobum, Catatropis verrucosa, Notocotylus attenuatus, N. parviovatus) on the territory of Azerbaijan. Four of them (Echinostoma revolutum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Paryphostomum novum, Notocotylus attenuatus) were also noted in the course of our helminthological studies. The trematode Cyclocoelum mutabile was recorded in domestic ducks only in Azerbaijan. Most species of trematodes were found in the north-eastern part (total 9 species) and southern part (total 5 species) of Azerbaijan. This is due to the widespread distribution of molluscs – intermediate hosts of digenetic flukes, in these regions. Eighteen species of digenetic flukes parasitize both birds and mammals (Rodentia, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla). And eleven species of trematodes are of medical importance, registered in humans.

Prevalence and Intensity of Parasitic Worms on Free-Range Chickens and Egg-Laying Chickens in Muara Badak sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara

One of the diseases often threatens the health of free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens are worm parasites (endoparasites). Parasites can be transmitted through food, drinks and the cage environment. Sanitation is one of the preventive steps carry out by farmers to protect livestock against infection from the environment. The objective of study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of parasitic worm eggs that infect the digestive tracts of free-range chickens and egg- laying hens in Muara Badak District. Research was done by observing worm eggs in fecal samples. A total of 60 samples consisting of 30 samples of egg-laying hens in Tanjung Village and 30 samples of free-range chickens in Badak Baru Village, Muara Badak. For the sample analysis technique used 2 methods are namely the floating method and the sedimentation method. The results has showed the type of worm eggs are infected the digestive tract found in free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens had consisted of Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Davainea proglotina, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Capillaria annulata and Trichostrongylus tenuis. The highest prevalence in free- range chickens and egg-laying chickens were found in Ascaridia galli was 53.33% and 40%. While the lowest prevalence in free-range chickens against Raillietina echinobothrida and Amoebotaenia sphenoides 3.33%. egg-laying chickens are against Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina tetragona and Trichostrongylus tenuis 6.67%. The highest intensity in free-range chickens and against Ascaridia galli was 141 eggs/individual and in egg-laying chickens was 139 eggs/individuals. The lowest intensity in this research was found in free-range chickens against Amoebotaenia sphenoides and Raillietina echinobothrida 3 eggs/individuals and egg-laying chickens against Echinostoma revolutum 5 eggs/individuals. Keywords: Endoparasites, Prevalence, Intensity, Chicken, hen.

Morphology and Molecular Identification of Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma macrorchis in Freshwater Snails and Experimental Hamsters in Upper Northern Thailand

Echinostome metacercariae were investigated in freshwater snails from 26 districts in 7 provinces of upper northern Thailand. The species identification was carried out based on the morphologies of the metacercariae and adult flukes harvested from experimental hamsters, and on nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Twenty-four out of 26 districts were found to be infected with echinostome metacercariae in freshwater snails with the prevalence of 40.4%. The metacercariae were found in all 6 species of snails, including Filopaludina martensi martensi (21.9%), Filopaludina doliaris (50.8%), F. sumatrensis polygramma (61.3%), Bithynia siamensis siamensis (14.5%), Bithynia pulchella (38.0%), and Anenthome helena (4.9%). The echinostome metacercariae found in these snails were identified as Echinostoma revolutum (37-collar-spined) and Echinostoma macrorchis (45-collar-spined) morphologically and molecularly. The 2-week-old adult flukes of E. revolutum revealed unique features of the cirrus sac extending to middle of the ventral sucker and smooth testes. E. macrorchis adults revealed the cirrus sac close to the right lateral margin of the ventral sucker and 2 large and elliptical testes with slight indentations and pointed posterior end of the posterior testis. The ITS2 and nad1 sequences confirmed the species identification of E. revolutum, and the sequences of E. macrorchis have been deposited for the first time in Gen-Bank. The presence of the life cycle of E. macrorchis is a new record in Thailand and the snail F. doliaris as their second intermediate host seems to be new among the literature.

Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review

Echinostoma flukes armed with 37 collar spines on their head collar are called as 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. (group) or ‘Echinostoma revolutum group’. At least 56 nominal species have been described in this group. However, many of them were morphologically close to and difficult to distinguish from the other, thus synonymized with the others. However, some of the synonymies were disagreed by other researchers, and taxonomic debates have been continued. Fortunately, recent development of molecular techniques, in particular, sequencing of the mitochondrial (nad1 and cox1) and nuclear genes (ITS region; ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), has enabled us to obtain highly useful data on phylogenetic relationships of these 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. Thus, 16 different species are currently acknowledged to be valid worldwide, which include E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013. The validity of the other 10 species is retained until further evaluation, including molecular analyses; E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi. In this review, the history of discovery and taxonomic debates on these 26 valid or validity-retained species are briefly reviewed.

Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of Echinostoma revolutum from Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)

<i>Echinostoma revolutum</i> is a zoonotic food-borne intestinal trematode that can cause intestinal bleeding, enteritis, and diarrhea in human and birds. To identify a suspected <i>E. revolutum</i> trematode from a red-crowned crane (<i>Grus japonensis</i>) and to reveal the genetic characteristics of its mitochondrial (mt) genome, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and complete mt genome sequence of this trematode were amplified. The results identified the trematode as <i>E. revolutum</i>. Its entire mt genome sequence was 15,714 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and one non-coding region (NCR), with 61.73% A+T base content and a significant AT preference. The length of the 22 tRNA genes ranged from 59 bp to 70 bp, and their secondary structure showed the typical cloverleaf and D-loop structure. The length of the large subunit of rRNA (<i>rrn</i>L) and the small subunit of rRNA (<i>rrn</i>S) gene was 1,011 bp and 742 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic trees showed that <i>E. revolutum</i> and <i>E. miyagawai</i> clustered together, belonging to Echinostomatidae with <i>Hypoderaeum conoideum</i>. This study may enrich the mitochondrial gene database of <i>Echinostoma</i> trematodes and provide valuable data for studying the molecular identification and phylogeny of some digenean trematodes.

Comparative mitogenomics of the zoonotic parasite Echinostoma revolutum resolves taxonomic relationships within the ‘E. revolutum’ species group and the Echinostomata (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)

The complete mitochondrial sequence of 17,030 bp was obtained from Echinostoma revolutum and characterized with those of previously reported members of the superfamily Echinostomatoidea, i.e. six echinostomatids, one echinochasmid, five fasciolids, one himasthlid, and two cyclocoelids. Relationship within suborders and between superfamilies, such as Echinostomata, Pronocephalata, Troglotremata, Opisthorchiata, and Xiphiditata, are also considered. It contained 12 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA genes and a tandem repetitive consisting non-coding region (NCR). The gene order, one way-positive transcription, the absence of atp8 and the overlapped region by 40 bp between nad4L and nad4 genes were similar as in common trematodes. The NCR located between tRNAGlu (trnE) and cox3 contained 11 long (LRUs) and short repeat units (SRUs) (seven LRUs of 317 bp, four SRUs of 207 bp each), and an internal spacer sequence between LRU7 and SRU4 specifying high-level polymorphism. Special DHU-arm missing tRNAs for Serine were found for both tRNAS1(AGN) and tRNAS2(UCN). Echinostoma revolutum indicated the lowest divergence rate to E. miyagawai and the highest to Tracheophilus cymbius and Echinochasmus japonicus. The usage of ATG/GTG start and TAG/TAA stop codons, the AT composition bias, the negative AT-skewness, and the most for Phe/Leu/Val and the least for Arg/Asn/Asp codons were noted. Topology indicated the monophyletic position of E. revolutum to E. miyagawai. Monophyly of Echinostomatidae and Fasciolidae was clearly solved with respect to Echinochasmidae, Himasthlidae, and Cyclocoelidae which were rendered paraphyletic in the suborder Echinostomata.

Identification of Worm Eggs in Faeces of Egrets (Egretta sp.) in Surabaya

The aim of this research was to identify worm eggs species that infected Egrets in Surabaya. A total of 40 samples were taken and faecal examination was conducted in the Laboratory by means of native, sedimentation, and floating methods, In floating method saturated brown sugar solution was used as floating media because brown sugar solution was faster in floating worm eggs. Then further examination of the worm eggs species were matched by microscopic taxonomy and textbook comparison observation. Eggs of three classes of helmints, Trematode, Cestode, and Nematode were found in faeces of Egrets in Surabaya. Species of the Nematode eggs found were Ascaris sp., Ascaridia galli, , Capillaria sp., Toxocara cati. Species of Cestode class egg found were Raillietina sp, from Trematode class were Echinostoma revolutum.

The Prevalance and Helminth Infection Degree of Gastrointestinal in Layer Duck Located in Keper and Markolak Kramat Village District of Bangkalan Regency of Bangkalan

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan prevalensi dan derajat infeksi cacing saluran pencernaan pada itik petelur di dua kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda. Sampel feses diperiksa dengan metode sedimentasi dan metode apung kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menghitung telur cacing per gram tinja dengan metode Mc Master. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 22,9% (8/35) itik petelur di Dusun Keper terinfeksi oleh Capillaria sp., dan Echinostoma revolutum, dengan rata-rata derajat infeksi sebsar 52,50 ± 41,662, sedangkan 31,4% (11/35) itik petelur di Dusun Markolak terinfeksi oleh Capillaria sp., Echinostoma revolutum, dan cacing dari kelas cestoda, dengan rata-rata derajat infeksi sebesar 155,45 ± 166,395. Infeksi bersifat tunggal maupun campuran. Analisis terhadap prevalensi dan derajat infeksi cacing saluran pencernaan itik petelur menunujukkan hasil yang tidak signifikan (p>0,05) antara Dusun Keper dan Dusun Markolak.

Parasite diversity in mallard: A cross sectional study on Anas platyrhynchos from Munshiganj, Dhaka

Among the 60 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus (32 males and 38 females), all the mallards were infested with Anaticola cassicornis and Lipeurus caponis. A. cassicornis displayed the peak intensity (15.5 ± 3.64) in female ducks. The lowest prevalence was of Colpocephalum turbinatum (25%) and found in male but the intensity was high (15 ± 2.23). Among the endoparasites, the highest prevalence was of Ascaridia galli (85.71%) found in female ducks and the lowest was in Echinostoma trivolvus (12.5%) found in male. The peak intensity was of Sobolevicanthus sp. (17.8 ± 2.34) in female following Echinostoma revolutum (17.33 ± 0.97). Ectoparasites were seen to infest all the seasons. But endoparasites were more prevalent in summer than the autumn and winter. Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 121-128, 2019