Fingering strategies in the Prelude of J.S. Bach's sixth suite for solo cello

<p>The introduction of this exegesis presents a brief history of Bach’s cello suites, explores the relevance and reliability of the manuscript sources and discusses the intended five-stringed instrument for Suite No. 6. Part One compares and contrasts the fingering patterns within selected extracts from eleven different editions of the Prelude. It examines the varying interpretations and takes into account the fingering choices that have been adopted in the publications. Part Two of this exegesis comprises this author’s version of the Prelude. This incorporates the technically and musically convincing fingering patterns found from the research in prior parts of this study, as well as using the author’s own knowledge of cello pedagogy. The ultimate purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive and informed version in which challenges of playing this movement are largely minimised.</p>

Fingering strategies in the Prelude of J.S. Bach's sixth suite for solo cello

<p>The introduction of this exegesis presents a brief history of Bach’s cello suites, explores the relevance and reliability of the manuscript sources and discusses the intended five-stringed instrument for Suite No. 6. Part One compares and contrasts the fingering patterns within selected extracts from eleven different editions of the Prelude. It examines the varying interpretations and takes into account the fingering choices that have been adopted in the publications. Part Two of this exegesis comprises this author’s version of the Prelude. This incorporates the technically and musically convincing fingering patterns found from the research in prior parts of this study, as well as using the author’s own knowledge of cello pedagogy. The ultimate purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive and informed version in which challenges of playing this movement are largely minimised.</p>

How to Read Carnatic Music on Violin

The violin is a major stringed instrument in South Indian music. It is played as the main instrument in Carnatic music and as an accompaniment to musical performances such as vocals. This is not the heritage instrument of India. Today there is no concert without Carnatic music. Thus it plays an important role in Carnatic music.The present form of this violin was composed in 16th century Italy. The violin, a folk instrument, was first used in South Indian music in the 18th century. It is also more important than any other instrument. It also plays an important role in major concerts. There are many reasons why it is played as the main instrument in Carnatic music more than any other instrument. It has developed to the point where it can be read more than any other instrument in the 20th century for various performances such as vocals, other instrumental events, orchestras, and dance performances. It is also found that Carnatic musicians (male/female) can adjust their pitch to suit their convenience. Since its introduction to Carnatic music, many great scholars have read and succeeded in Carnatic music. In addition, it plays a very important role in Palliya music and has a wide place in Carnatic music.

On the performance sound design of a stringed instrument by the control of the stiffness and mass of the component part

This study investigates the difference of performance sounds of an electric guitar with a metal pickguard. The sounds of the open strings of the guitar are measured, showing that the damping time becomes shorter than that obtained with a commonly used plastic pickguard. Further, it was also found that the sounds of the 1 and 2 strings were distinct and those of the other strings were slightly suppressed when the metal pickguard was used. Therefore, the metal pickguard is effective in making sharp, clear, and distinct sounds. We changed the material of the pickguard from plastic to copper. In the experiments, simultaneous measurements of the vibrational acceleration of the peg, pickguard, and output voltage of the guitar with a constant plucking force of the strings were performed. It was found that the profile of the RMS value of the vibrational acceleration of the pickguard changed when the copper pickguard was used. Moreover, the vibrational modes of copper the pickguard were different than the others. In conclusion, it was determined that the sound quality is affected by the vibrational characteristics; thus, it can be adjusted by varying the means by which the pickguard is attached to the guitar body.

The story of the “Qiulai” qin unraveled by radiocarbon dating, Chinese inscriptions and material characterization

An ancient table zither qin, an emblematic stringed instrument of traditional Chinese music, has been rediscovered in the museum collection of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (inv.4224, CNAM collection), Paris. This instrument named “Qiulai” qin, whose origin is poorly documented, can claim to be one of the oldest qin preserved in European collections; its state of conservation is exceptional. A thorough examination was carried out based on an innovative approach combining museum expertise, material characterization analyses (optical microscopy, VIS/IR/UV imaging, X-ray fluorescence, SEM–EDS, Raman) and advanced radiocarbon dating technology (MICADAS). Our results highlight the great coherence with the traditional manufacturing practices mentioned in early Qing dynasty qin treatises and poems, in particular the collection of materials with highly symbolic meanings referring to the qin sound, nature and the universe. The reuse of resinous wood of the Taxus family from a building such as a temple has been demonstrated. The ash layer contains bone black, crushed malachite and residues of silica, ochres, potassium and magnesium aluminosilicates. Our study confirms the antiquity of the "Qiulai" qin in Europe by indicating that it was most likely made in the small [1659–1699] interval of about 30 years at the turn of the eighteenth century.

The Story of the “Qiulai” Gin Unraveled by Radiocarbon Dating, Material Characterization and Chinese Written Sources

An ancient table zither qin, an emblematic stringed instrument of traditional Chinese music, has been rediscovered in the museum collection of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (inv.4224, CNAM collection), Paris. This instrument named “Qiulai” qin, whose origin is poorly documented, can claim to be one of the oldest qin preserved in European collections; its state of conservation is exceptional. A thorough examination was carried out based on an innovative approach combining museum expertise, material characterization analyses (optical microscopy, VIS/IR/UV imaging, X-ray fluorescence, SEM-EDS, Raman) and advanced radiocarbon dating technology (ECHoMICADAS). Our results highlight the great coherence with the traditional manufacturing practices mentioned in early Qing dynasty qin treatises and poems, in particular the collection of materials with highly symbolic meanings referring to the qin sound, nature and the universe. They also confirm the antiquity of the "Qiulai" qin in Europe by indicating that it was most likely made in a small interval of about 30 years at the turn of the 18th century.

8Th Century Musical Instrument on Kalasan Temple’s Relief

This research aims to unveil the types, size, figures, and functions of musical instruments carved as reliefs of Kalasan Temple as a way to revitalize the music from the 8th century. This research implements heuristic methods with Panofsky’s iconology analysis in three steps, which are pre-iconography, iconography, and iconology to analyse the reliefs of the Temple. The researchers validated the findings through forum group discussion with the Cultural Heritage Preservation Board of Yogyakarta. The findings show that (1) the relief of musical instruments in Kalasan temple is located on the head of Kala; (2) the musical instruments on the head are two wind instruments made of shells and a stringed instrument named vina; (3) there are two figures of musicians carved, which are two wind instruments players and a player of stringed instruments. The figures are depicted as heavenly creatures named Gandharva; (4) the measurement shows that the wind instruments have 35.98 cm length and 12.85 cm width, another one has 23.13 cm length and 12.85 cm width. Meanwhile, the stringed instrument has a length of 92.52 cm and 12.85 cm width; and (5) the musical instruments were performed to worship the Goddess of Tara.

Personal Mythic-Ritual Tunes in the Culture of the Ob-Ugrians

Статья посвящена персональным мифоритуальным наигрышам - феномену культуры обских угров (хантов и манси). Автором систематизированы нотные записи и аудиоматериалы из опубликованных и неопубликованных источников, в том числе полевых материалов, собранных на обском Севере в экспедициях 1980 - 2000-х гг. В репертуаре обско-угорских музыкантов есть два блока наигрышей. В первый входят мелодии божеств и духов-покровителей, в том числе медведя. Второй включает разнообразные наигрыши, связанные с людьми и животными: танцевальные (они различают людей по этнолокальному, половозрастному признакам); изображающие трудовые процессы; показывающие повадки и голоса животных; инструментальные «транскрипции» песен; входящие в состав повествований. Большинство инструментальных мелодий звучат во время проведения обряда: медвежьего праздника, шаманского сеанса, жертвоприношения. Персональные мифоритуальные наигрыши посвящены конкретному божеству или духу-покровителю, исполняются только на струнном инструменте и только мужчиной. Локальное распределение таких наигрышей показывает следующее: мелодии божеств, общих для хантов и манси, есть во всех группах обских угров; наделение духов-покровителей собственными мелодиями носит системный характер у манси, причем в сыгвинской и верхнелозьвинской традициях данный феномен выражен особенно ярко. Каждое божество через музыкальную характеристику становится узнаваемым, это достигается благодаря устойчивым мелодико-ритмическим оборотам в структуре наигрышей и общности мелодического фонда персональных наигрышей для разных обрядов. Феномен персональных мифоритуальных наигрышей описан впервые в музыкальном угроведении. Полученные результаты необходимы для проведения компаративных исследований народных музыкальных культур, взаимосвязей музыки и ритуала. This article is devoted to personal mythological melodies (naigryshi) - a phenomenon of the culture of the Ob-Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi). The author systematizes musical notes and audio materials from published and unpublished sources, including field materials collected in the Ob North during the expeditions of the 1980s-2000s. In the repertoire of Ob-Ugric musicians there are two groups of tunes. The first includes melodies of deities and patron spirits, including the bear. The second includes tunes from a variety of games related to people and animals: dances (which distinguish people by ethno-local, gender and age characteristics); depictions of labor processes; those showing the habits and voices of animals; instrumental “transcriptions” of songs; and tunes included in narratives. Most of the instrumental melodies are played during rituals - the bear festival, shamanic sessions, sacrifices. Personal mythological tunes are dedicated to a specific deity or patron spirit and are performed only on a stringed instrument and only by a man. The tunes are distributed locally in the following ways: the melodies of deities common to the Khanty and Mansi are found in all groups of the Ob-Ugrians; the endowment of patron spirits with their own melodies is characteristic of the Mansi, and this phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the Sygvin and Verkhnelozvin traditions. Each deity becomes recognizable through a musical characteristic. This is achieved via stable melodic-rhythmic turns in the structure of the tunes and a common melodic fund of personal tunes for different rites. For the first time in Ugric musical studies the article describes the phenomenon of personal mythic-ritual tunes. This is necessary for conducting comparative studies of folk musical cultures and for understanding the interrelationships of music and ritual.

The effect of play-wear on surface roughness of steel music strings

The play-wear tests on the strings from high carbon steel were realized by using a long necked bağlama stringed instrument. These tests were carried out by reciprocating with the finger on the sound table for different times. The stick-slip wear and striking effects were observed on the strings by AFM. A noticeable increase was detected in the values of surface roughness obtained from Do, Fa, and Si pitch-strings and the chest region-string depending on the beat amount. Hence, it attracts attention that the roughness values decrease while it is passed from 1000 to 3000 beats and from Do pitch to Fa concerning beat amount and pitches. However, such an increase was not detected in the Si pitch-string and the chest region-string, and whilst passing from 3000 to 6000 beats, on the contrary, the average surface roughness values showed a tendency to increase.

Pembelajaran Alat Musik Panting dengan Pendekatan Tangganada dan Tablature

Panting merupakan alat musik petik Kalimantan Selatan yang sering dipelajari dalam pembelajaran musik di sekolah. Selama masa pandemi Covid 19, pembelajaran alat musik Panting dengan pendekatan tangganada dan tablature memungkinkan untuk dilakukan karena siswa dapat belajar secara mandiri di rumah. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan hasil penelitian mengenai pembelajaran musik dengan penggunaan pendekatan tangganada dan tablature. Dalam proses penelitian, peneliti melakukan tahapan: (1) mempraktikkan teknik bermain alat musik Panting, (2) membuat bahan pembelajaran dari hasil analisis, lalu (3) kemudian menuliskanya pada sebuah notasi balok dan tablature. Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan metode belajar alat musik Panting yang efektif melalui pendekatan tangganada dan tablature.Kata kunci: musik panting, pembelajaran musik, tangganada, tablature Panting is a South Kalimantan stringed instrument that is often studied in music learning at school. During the Covid 19 pandemic, learning the Panting musical instrument with a scale and tablature approach is possible because students can study independently at home. This article describes the results of research on music learning using a scale and tablature approach. In the research process, the researcher carried out the stages: (1) practicing the technique of playing the Panting musical instrument, (2) making learning materials from the results of the analysis, then (3) writing them down on a block notation and tablature. This research has produced an effective method of learning the musical instrument Panting through a scale and tablature approach.Keywords: panting music, music learning, scales, tablature