scholarly journals The Story of the “Qiulai” Gin Unraveled by Radiocarbon Dating, Material Characterization and Chinese Written Sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Gabrielle DURIER ◽  
Alexandre GIRARD-MUSCAGORRY ◽  
Christine HATTÉ ◽  
Tiphaine FABRIS ◽  
Cyrille FOASSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Characterization ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chinese Music ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Stringed Instrument ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Made In

Abstract An ancient table zither qin, an emblematic stringed instrument of traditional Chinese music, has been rediscovered in the museum collection of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (inv.4224, CNAM collection), Paris. This instrument named “Qiulai” qin, whose origin is poorly documented, can claim to be one of the oldest qin preserved in European collections; its state of conservation is exceptional. A thorough examination was carried out based on an innovative approach combining museum expertise, material characterization analyses (optical microscopy, VIS/IR/UV imaging, X-ray fluorescence, SEM-EDS, Raman) and advanced radiocarbon dating technology (ECHoMICADAS). Our results highlight the great coherence with the traditional manufacturing practices mentioned in early Qing dynasty qin treatises and poems, in particular the collection of materials with highly symbolic meanings referring to the qin sound, nature and the universe. They also confirm the antiquity of the "Qiulai" qin in Europe by indicating that it was most likely made in a small interval of about 30 years at the turn of the 18th century.

scholarly journals The story of the “Qiulai” qin unraveled by radiocarbon dating, Chinese inscriptions and material characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Gabrielle Durier ◽  
Alexandre Girard-Muscagorry ◽  
Christine Hatté ◽  
Tiphaine Fabris ◽  
Cyrille Foasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Characterization ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chinese Music ◽  
Ash Layer ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Stringed Instrument ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Made In

AbstractAn ancient table zither qin, an emblematic stringed instrument of traditional Chinese music, has been rediscovered in the museum collection of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (inv.4224, CNAM collection), Paris. This instrument named “Qiulai” qin, whose origin is poorly documented, can claim to be one of the oldest qin preserved in European collections; its state of conservation is exceptional. A thorough examination was carried out based on an innovative approach combining museum expertise, material characterization analyses (optical microscopy, VIS/IR/UV imaging, X-ray fluorescence, SEM–EDS, Raman) and advanced radiocarbon dating technology (MICADAS). Our results highlight the great coherence with the traditional manufacturing practices mentioned in early Qing dynasty qin treatises and poems, in particular the collection of materials with highly symbolic meanings referring to the qin sound, nature and the universe. The reuse of resinous wood of the Taxus family from a building such as a temple has been demonstrated. The ash layer contains bone black, crushed malachite and residues of silica, ochres, potassium and magnesium aluminosilicates. Our study confirms the antiquity of the "Qiulai" qin in Europe by indicating that it was most likely made in the small [1659–1699] interval of about 30 years at the turn of the eighteenth century.

scholarly journals Multianalytical Study for Establishing the Historical Contexts of the Church of the Holy Archangels from Cicau, Alba County, Romania, for its Promotion as a World Heritage Good I. Assessing the preservation-restoration works from the 18th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2538-2544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Sandu ◽  
Cosmin Tudor Iurcovschi ◽  
Ioan Gabriel Sandu ◽  
Viorica Vasilache ◽  
Ioan Cristinel Negru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

The present paper is the first instalment of a series focused on establishing some archaeometric characteristics of the modern finishings (mortars, fresco and layers of whitewash) of the Church of the Holy Archangels from Cic�u, Alba County, Romania, in order to assess the shape, with the structural-functional integrity and architectural and artistic aspect of the monument for the last historical context, between 1710 and 1790. This period is the most extensive and less known of the church�s stages of transformation: 11th�12th century (unknown), 15th century (known) and 18th century (partially known), which was very tumultuous from the socio-economic and political point of view. Thus, in the following pages we present the resulting archaeometric characteristics of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopes in combination with energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) and thermal derivatography (TG/DTA/DTG) analyses of two pigments from the exonarthex fresco (made in 1781) and the later eight layers of whitewash applied over it, which allowed assessing the periods with marked changes in the architecture and polychrome finishings.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in X-Ray Astronomy

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Yasuo Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
X Rays ◽  
New Era ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Rocket Flight ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Made In

X-ray astronomy was born in June 1962 with a totally unexpected discovery of a bright X-ray source (presently known as Sco X-1) in a historic rocket flight conducted by Riccardo Giacconi, Herb Gursky, Frank Paolini and late Bruno Rossi. In the last 30 years, astronomy through the newly opened window has made a dramatic expansion.The universe contains enormously rich varieties which had been left unexplored until recent times. From 40’s through 60’s, new wavelength windows, radio, infrared and X-rays successively opened. As a result, the presence of objects and regions distributed over an extremely wide temperature range from a few Kelvin through hundreds of millions of Kelvin were discovered. A burst of surprising discoveries made in 60’s marked the opening of a whole new era of multi-wavelength astronomy.

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

Searching for the causes why some of the paintings by Mihaly Munkacsy are darkening

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Imre Pozsgai ◽  
Klara Erdöhalmi-Torok
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
National Gallery ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Made In ◽  
Grinding And Polishing

The paintings by the great Hungarian master Mihaly Munkacsy (1844-1900) made in an 8-9 years period of his activity are deteriorating. The most conspicuous sign of the deterioration is an intensive darkening. We have made an attempt by electron beam microanalysis to clarify the causes of the darkening. The importance of a study like this is increased by the fact that a similar darkening can be observed on the paintings by Munkacsy’s contemporaries e.g Courbet and Makart. A thick brown mass the so called bitumen used by Munkacsy for grounding and also as a paint is believed by the art historians to cause the darkening.For this study, paint specimens were taken from the following paintings: “Studio”, “Farewell” and the “Portrait of the Master’s Wife”, all of them are the property of the Hungarian National Gallery. The paint samples were embedded in a polyester resin “Poly-Pol PS-230” and after grinding and polishing their cross section was used for x-ray mapping.

X-ray mapping without STEM

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 508-509
Author(s):  
Judith M. Brock ◽  
Max T. Otten
Keyword(s):  
Life Science ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Made In

A knowledge of the distribution of chemical elements in a specimen is often highly useful. In materials science specimens features such as grain boundaries and precipitates generally force a certain order on mental distribution, so that a single profile away from the boundary or precipitate gives a full description of all relevant data. No such simplicity can be assumed in life science specimens, where elements can occur various combinations and in different concentrations in tissue. In the latter case a two-dimensional elemental-distribution image is required to describe the material adequately. X-ray mapping provides such of the distribution of elements.The big disadvantage of x-ray mapping hitherto has been one requirement: the transmission electron microscope must have the scanning function. In cases where the STEM functionality – to record scanning images using a variety of STEM detectors – is not used, but only x-ray mapping is intended, a significant investment must still be made in the scanning system: electronics that drive the beam, detectors for generating the scanning images, and monitors for displaying and recording the images.

The Starry Universe of Jacques Cassini: Century-old Echoes of Kepler

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Graney
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
Apparent Diameter ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses measurements of the apparent diameter and parallax of the star Sirius, made in the early 18th century by Jacques Cassini, and how those measurements were discussed by other writers. Of particular interest is how other writers accepted Cassini’s measurements, but then discussed Sirius and other stars as though they were all the same size as the sun. Cassini’s measurements, by contrast, required Sirius and other stars to dwarf the sun—something Cassini explicitly noted, and something that echoed the ideas of Johannes Kepler more than a century earlier.

scholarly journals Principles of Different X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2971
Author(s):  
Siwei Tao ◽  
Congxiao He ◽  
Xiang Hao ◽  
Cuifang Kuang ◽  
Xu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Phase Contrast Imaging ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Made In

Numerous advances have been made in X-ray technology in recent years. X-ray imaging plays an important role in the nondestructive exploration of the internal structures of objects. However, the contrast of X-ray absorption images remains low, especially for materials with low atomic numbers, such as biological samples. X-ray phase-contrast images have an intrinsically higher contrast than absorption images. In this review, the principles, milestones, and recent progress of X-ray phase-contrast imaging methods are demonstrated. In addition, prospective applications are presented.

scholarly journals Quantiles as Robust Probes of Non-Gaussianity in 21-cm Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Banet ◽  
Rennan Barkana ◽  
Anastasia Fialkov ◽  
Or Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Halo ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
First Stars ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Global Signal ◽  
Radio Background ◽  
Halo Masses ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Cosmic History

Abstract The epoch in which the first stars and galaxies formed is among the most exciting unexplored eras of the Universe. A major research effort is focused on probing this era with the 21-cm spectral line of hydrogen. While most research focuses on statistics like the 21-cm power spectrum or the sky-averaged global signal, there are other ways to analyze tomographic 21-cm maps, which may lead to novel insights. We suggest statistics based on quantiles as a method to probe non-Gaussianities of the 21-cm signal. We show that they can be used in particular to probe the variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the temperature distribution, but are more flexible and robust than these standard statistics. We test these statistics on a range of possible astrophysical models, including different galactic halo masses, star-formation efficiencies, and spectra of the X-ray heating sources, plus an exotic model with an excess early radio background. Simulating data with angular resolution and thermal noise as expected for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), we conclude that these statistics can be measured out to redshifts above 20 and offer a promising statistical method for probing early cosmic history.

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