The Legal Status of Mut’ah Marriage in Indonesia

Mut'ah marriages with contract marriages bring a dilemma to society. The society views that this is halal (lawful) and legal, but in essence it does not carry out rights and obligations. The problem of this paper is how do civil cases (of mut'ah marriage) get legal certainty so that the logic of "urgent" becomes a status that can protect the rights and dignity of married couples in Indonesia? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of mut'ah marriage law so that it does not become a political contribution in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical. The result of this research is that in relation to the basis for practice of mut'ah which is considered an emergency, it is clearly contrary to Islamic law because the real aim and purpose of marriage are permanent. Mut'ah actually destroys human civilization and ethics or implies bad faith. The harm will befall the offspring. Children who are born have no legal certainty because they are considered children born of adultery. This research concludes that mut'ah is contrary to the basic provisions of the Material Law of the Religious Courts on Marriage which strictly prohibits mut'ah marriages (Article 2 paragraph 2 of Law No. 1 Year 1974 concerning marriage), the criminal sanctions are regulated in the Draft Law on the Religious Courts of Marriage Article 39 because it is not recorded and Article 144 concerning sanctions against the perpetrator, and the marriage is null and void by law.

http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/196

Sufi poetry have great influence on the lives of the people of Punjab in Pakistan and among the several important Sufis are famous due to their literary services which they have contributed in the reconstruction of the society. In South Punjab, from Dera Ghazi Khan Division one of the famous Sufi poets is Khawaja Ghulam Farid. His Shire is located at Kot Mithan. Khawaja Fareed is considered important mystic Saraiki poet of South Punjab. His poetry provided oxygen to the society and source of inspiration. The teachings of Khawaja Farid guided the people of the region during colonial Period. He was great critic of Colonial Government and he highlighted the worst aspects superstitious of colonial system. He tried his best to awaken the people through his poetry۔. So that the social and political position of the people can be improved by giving them awareness and they can be saved from humiliating slavery. Although he had mastery of languages as called a poet of seven languages but he is famous for Saraiki poetry and many scholars called him “Ghalib of Saraiki Language’” This research paper covers his socio-political contribution and literary services through Saraiki Poetry for the society during colonial era.

Patronage and Power: The Vicereines at the Court of Naples in the Reign of Philip III of Spain

Recently, several studies have focused on the figure of the viceroy in the Spanish Monarchy, especially in the Kingdom of Naples. However, far less attention has been paid to the role of the vicereines of Naples. The goal of my study is to investigate and clarify the significant roles held by these noblewomen at one of the most important viceregal courts of the Spanish Monarchy. I will focus on one vicereine in particular, Catalina de Zúñiga y Sandoval, 6th Countess of Lemos and sister to the Duke of Lerma (1599–1601), who developed an extensive political network through copious correspondences, requesting and distributing mercedes (dignities and favours) among family members and her clientage. A revisionary analysis of the vicereines’ roles at the Neapolitan court demonstrates how knowledge of their political contribution is essential for a deeper understanding of the economic and political strategies deployed by their families.

Politics and Diplomacy: Lessons from Donald Tusk’s Time as President of the European Council

The 2020 COVID pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to Europe’s economies, societies and political institutions. Finding solutions for the immediate and longer-term impact of the pandemic requires collaboration between the European Union’s (EU) member states and leadership from their governments at both national and European levels. The President of the European Council is central to this process, as he leads and facilitates the collaboration between the heads of states and governments. Looking back at the lessons from Donald Tusk’s time as President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019, this article argues that Tusk made an immensely important political contribution to the EU as he set the tone for a liberal and progressive agenda at a time of significant threat from populist and pro-Russian voices in Europe. However, with the recent political and institutional developments in the EU, and based on the insights from Mr Tusk’s successes and challenges, the article also argues that the role of the European Council President today requires strong brokering skills and leadership behind the scenes more than an openly political and public figure.

Foreign direct investment, corruption, and institutional reforms

Corruption impacts the competitive conditions among firms and the flow of foreign investment. Institutional reforms made for fighting against corruption are sometimes useless. We develop a model in which a corrupted government tries to set an optimal institutional level taking into account the cost of this policy on foreign investment, the benefit of a corrupted domestic firm and the benefit of local citizens. A political contribution is made by a corrupted lobby group in order to benefit from a lower institutional level. Our results suggest that the optimal institutional level depends on the degree of efficiency of firms and the level of corruption of the host government.

Financial Solidarity: The Future of Unions in the post-Janus Era

In 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court adopted a “right-to-work” (RTW) legal regime for the entire government workforce (Janus v. AFSCME). While many predict lower union membership, few have considered how Janus will challenge the overall cost-sharing strategy that unions use to ensure their affiliates’ organizational maintenance and survival. Using the National Education Association (NEA) as our empirical example, we develop and test a theory we call “financial solidarity,” which posits that union organizational maintenance hinges on the transfer of resources from affiliates in strong labor states to those in weaker labor states. We demonstrate that this system is in effect by showing that most NEA revenue originates from dues and fees paid by teachers in strong labor states and then by examining the causal effect of labor law retrenchment on affiliates’ reliance on their national union between 2005–2018. We find that the NEA transfers an additional $6–10 per member and is significantly more likely to make a political contribution in an affiliate’s state in the aftermath of retrenchment. These findings highlight that unions are maintained on an organizational model that relies on a balance of strong and weak state labor laws. By upending that equilibrium, Janus threatens to undermine the power of labor in American politics.