Influence of Environmental Microbiota on the Activity and Metabolism of Starter Cultures Used in Coffee Beans Fermentation

Microbial activity is an integral part of agricultural ecosystems and can influence the quality of food commodities. During on-farm processing, coffee growers use a traditional method of fermentation to remove the cherry pulp surrounding the beans. Here, we investigated the influence of the coffee farm microbiome and the resulting fermentation process conducted with selected starter cultures (Pichia fermentans YC5.2 and Pediococcus acidilactici LPBC161). The microbiota of the coffee farm (coffee fruits and leaves, over-ripe fruits, cherries before de-pulping, depulped beans, and water used for de-pulping beans) was dominated by Enterobacteriaceae and Saccharomycetales, as determined by llumina-based amplicon sequencing. In addition, 299 prokaryotes and 189 eukaryotes were identified. Following the fermentation process, Pichia and the family Lactobacillaceae (which includes P. acidilactici) represented more than 70% of the total microbial community. The positive interaction between the starters resulted in the formation of primary metabolites (such as ethanol and lactic acid) and important aroma-impacting compounds (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl isobutyrate). The success competitiveness of the starters towards the wild microbiota indicated that coffee farm microbiota has little influence on starter culture-added coffee fermentation. However, hygiene requirements in the fermentation process should be indicated to prevent the high microbial loads present in coffee farm soil, leaves, fruits collected on the ground, and over-ripe fruits from having access to the fermentation tank and transferring undesirable aromas to coffee beans.

Cucumber Pickles and Fermentations

Cucumber sometimes used in sodium chloride solution as a substrate in lactic acid bacteria fermentation. The good fermentation always depending on many overlapped physical, chemical and microbial factors related with suspension of a strong and porous vegetables in a fluid. Keeping the cucumber integrity is very critical issue, and this may affect on the fermentation of liquid ingredients. This chapter tries to focus on the current efforts that conducting to control on the factors that affecting on cucumber fermentation. Modern and advanced technologies of recent studies are included within this chapter just like reducing the brining sodium chloride concentration, fresh cucumber gas exchange to develop their brining properties by using lactic acid bacteria cultures, developing an anaerobic cucumber fermentation tank system; preventing of cucumber gaseous spoilage by pouring of CO2 from fermentation brines.

Increasing glycolysis by deletion of kcs1 and arg82 improved S-adenosyl-l-methionine production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Reprogramming glycolysis for directing glycolytic metabolites to a specific metabolic pathway is expected to be useful for increasing microbial production of certain metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids or considerable secondary metabolites. In this report, a strategy of increasing glycolysis by altering the metabolism of inositol pyrophosphates (IPs) for improving the production of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) for diverse pharmaceutical applications in yeast is presented. The genes associated with the metabolism of IPs, arg82, ipk1 and kcs1, were deleted, respectively, in the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC 2842. It was observed that the deletions of kcs1 and arg82 increased SAM by 83.3 % and 31.8 %, respectively, compared to that of the control. In addition to the improved transcription levels of various glycolytic genes and activities of the relative enzymes, the levels of glycolytic intermediates and ATP were also enhanced. To further confirm the feasibility, the kcs1 was deleted in the high SAM-producing strain Ymls1ΔGAPmK which was deleted malate synthase gene mls1 and co-expressed the Acetyl-CoA synthase gene acs2 and the SAM synthase gene metK1 from Leishmania infantum, to obtain the recombinant strain Ymls1Δkcs1ΔGAPmK. The level of SAM in Ymls1Δkcs1ΔGAPmK reached 2.89 g L−1 in a 250-mL flask and 8.86 g L−1 in a 10-L fermentation tank, increasing 30.2 % and 46.2 %, respectively, compared to those levels in Ymls1ΔGAPmK. The strategy of increasing glycolysis by deletion of kcs1 and arg82 improved SAM production in yeast.

Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank

In order to solve the problem that the total sugar content of the chlortetracycline fermentation tank can not be automatically detected online, a prediction method which combines the output recursive wavelet neural network and the Gauss process regression is proposed in this paper. A soft sensor model between the measurable parameters (inputs) and the total sugar content (output) of the chlortetracycline fermentation tank was established. The soft sensor model was trained by self updating algorithm. Based on field data, the accuracy and generalization ability of the soft sensor model were analyzed. It is shown that the prediction accuracy of the combined model proposed in this paper is better than that of other single models. The results demonstrate the superiority of the method, and MRE and RMSE are used to evaluate the performance of the soft sensor model. It shows that the prediction precision of the soft sensor model based on ORWNN-GPR combination is relatively high in the long period of fermentation, and is suitable for on-line prediction of the total sugar content of the chlortetracycline fermentation tank. The soft sensor method can effectively reduce the labor intensity of the analysts and saves the production cost for enterprise.

Transformation of Corn Stalk Residue to Humus-Like Substances during Solid-State Fermentation

Lignocellulase production from straw fermentation has been widely investigated but the research has neglected to quantify fermentation-derived residue transformation to the humus-like substance (HULIS). To investigate the conversion efficacy of corn stalk residue to HULIS, the amount of HULIS associated with chemical composition and structural changes of humic acid-like substances (HAL) was investigated in a 30 L solid-state fermentation tank during a short period of eight days. The results show that the highest decomposition rate of corn stalk and the highest activity of cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase appeared at the fourth day. At the end of fermenting process, the amount of humic acid-like substances (HAL) and the percentage of HAL in humus acid (PQ value) increased 17.5% and 8.9%, respectively, indicating Trichoderma reesei facilitates the transformation of corn stalk residue to HAL. Fatty acids decreased while aromatic carbon and carboxyl content significantly increased during the ongoing fermentation, which had a positive impact on the HAL thermal stability. The FTIR spectral and thermal analysis revealed an improvement in HAL degrees of condensation, oxidation, and aromatization. The present study suggests that the residue of corn stalks fermented with T. reesei might be a good fertilizer to improve soil characteristics.

The Second-Generation Biomethane from Mandarin Orange Peel under Cocultivation with Methanogens and the Armed Clostridium cellulovorans

This study demonstrates that the consortium, which consists of the microbial flora of methane production (MFMP) and Clostridium cellulovorans grown with cellulose, can perform the direct conversion of cellulosic biomass to methane. The MFMP was taken from a commercial methane fermentation tank and was extremely complicated. Therefore, C. cellulovorans grown with cellobiose could not perform high degradation ability on cellulosic biomass due to competition by various microorganisms in MFMP. Focusing on the fact that C. cellulovorans was cultivated with cellulose, which is armed with cellulosome, so that it is now armed C. cellulovorans; the direct conversion was carried out by the consortium which consisted of MFMP and the armed C. cellulovorans. As a result, the consortium of C. cellulovorans grown with cellobiose and MFMP (CCeM) could not degrade the purified cellulose and mandarin orange peel. However, MFMP and the armed C. cellulovorans reduced 78.4% of the total sugar of the purified cellulose such as MN301, and produced 6.89 mL of methane simultaneously. Furthermore, the consortium consisted of MFMP and the armed C. cellulovorans degraded mandarin orange peel without any pretreatments and produced methane that was accounting for 66.2% of the total produced gas.

PENINGKATAN POPULASI TERNAK SAPI DAN PENGETAHUAN PETANI DALAM PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DI KELOMPOK TANI SUMBER REZEKI DESA BUALO KABUPATEN BOALEMO

Peningkatan populasi ternak sapi dapat dilakukan melalui kegiatan Inseminasi Buatan (IB) yang diharapkan juga dapat meningkatkan hasil kotoran ternak (feases) sebagai sumber bahan baku pupuk organik. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk: (1) meningkatkan populasi ternak sapi sebagai penghasil bahan baku pupuk organik, dan (2) meningkatkan pengetahuan Kelompok Tani Sumber Rezeki dalam pembuatan pupuk organik. Kegiatan ini dimulai bulan Maret sampai Agustus 2019 di Desa Bualo Kecamatan Paguyaman Kabupaten Boalemo. Kegiatan ini terdiri dari: (1) Kegiatan IB terhadap sapi induk yang sehat dan siap (masa birahi) oleh inseminator., dan (2) Pembuatan pupuk organik yang dilakukan melalui kegiatan pelatihan dan pendampingan. Sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan, dilakukan tes tingkat pengetahuan tentang pupuk organik kepada 25 orang peserta pelatihan yang dianalisis menggunakan Skala Likert. Bahan pembuatan pupuk organik meliputi: limbah jagung, bungkil kakao, feases, urin, EM4, gula dan air. Semua bahan dicampur merata dalam bak fermentasi, ditutup dengan terpal dan dibiarkan selama 3 minggu. Selama kegiatan berlangsung, antusias peserta dalam mengikuti seluruh kegiatan sangat tinggi dengan capaian 100%. Kegiatan IB telah menghasilkan sebanyak 12 ekor sapi bunting. Kegiatan pelatihan dan pendampingan kepada petani di Kelompok Tani Sumber Rezeki telah mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang pembuatan pupuk organik dengan capaian sebesar 88,0% dari total peserta pelatihan.Kata kunci: Populasi, Sapi, Inseminasi Buatan, Pengetahuan, Pupuk Organik. Abstract Increasing cattle population can be done through Artificial Insemination (IB) activities which are also expected to increase livestock manure yields (feases) as a source of raw material for organic fertilizer. This activity aims to: (1) increase the population of cattle as a producer of raw materials for organic fertilizer, and (2) increase the knowledge of Sumber Rezeki Farmer Groups in making organic fertilizer. This activity began in March to August 2019 in Bualo Village, Paguyaman District, Boalemo Regency. This activity consists of: (1) IB activities towards healthy and ready mother cows (incubation period) by inseminators, and (2) Making organic fertilizer carried out through training and mentoring activities. Before and after the training, a knowledge level test about organic fertilizer was conducted on 25 trainees who were analyzed using a Likert Scale. Organic fertilizer manufacturing materials include: corn waste, cocoa meal, feases, urine, EM4, sugar and water. All ingredients are mixed evenly in a fermentation tank, covered with tarpaulin and left for 3 weeks. During the activity, participants' enthusiasm in participating in all activities was very high with 100% achievement. IB activities have produced as many as 12 pregnant cows. Training activities and assistance to farmers in the Sumber Rezeki Farmer Group have been able to increase knowledge about making organic fertilizer with an achievement of 88.0% of the total training participants. Keywords: Population, Cow, Artificial Insemination, Knowledge, Organic Fertilizer.