Lexical Borrowing in the Light of Digital Resources: Nyet as a Case Study

The mere appearance of a foreign word does not necessarily mark the birth of a loanword, which requires documented usage by the speech community. Relatively little research has been dedicated so far to the “prenatal” stage that would investigate the tentative infiltration of foreign-derived words. Nyet, a borrowing from Russian, is taken as a case in point. Although its first recorded instance in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) is dated to 1928, it had been increasingly recognized in English for several decades. This article focuses on textual attestations for nyet discovered in a range of digital resources, including British and American newspaper archives, and discusses their usefulness as potential antedatings for OED3’s entry.

“Holy Ghost Tribe:” The Needles Revival and the Origins of Pentecostalism

In 1899, a religious revival in Needles, California, included the first recorded instance of tongues-speech in California. The revival was begun by a white Holiness preacher and included a predominantly Native American, but ethnically mixed, congregation. The Mohave Indians at the heart of the Needles Revival had survived in the Southern California borderlands by crossing boundaries and building new communities in the shadow of the modernizing state. As they participated in the Needles Revival, Mohave believers and others combined this pattern of boundary crossing with the theology and praxis of the Holiness movement to develop a local manifestation of the emerging Pentecostal movement. During the early twentieth century, a series of revivals around the world and a network of Holiness groups and missionaries developed into modern Pentecostalism. The most prominent of these revivals took place on Azusa Street in Los Angeles and emphasized speaking in tongues and multiracial community, not unlike the earlier revival in Needles. Taken together, these two revivals show the influence of Southern California on early Pentecostalism. Speaking in tongues enabled early Pentecostals to cross boundaries imposed by California's racial hierarchy, and the multiethnic communities they formed were a testament to the cultural dynamism of the region. As Mohave converts embraced Pentecostalism and eventually assumed leadership of the Needles congregation, they brought their legacy of survival and adaptation to the movement. In the process, they helped to shape modern Pentecostalism.

‘Shama will not dance’: University of Khartoum politics, 1964–69

In 1968, the Democratic Front organized a folkloric dance recital at the University of Khartoum as a prelude to the upcoming student union elections, a recital that was opposed by the Islamic Movement. This dispute culminated in a riot in which a student was killed, an event referred to as the ‘Ajakoincident’, which is discussed as the first recorded instance of inter-student violence at the university. Drawing on newspaper accounts from the time, secondary sources and first-hand interviews with participants, this article explores the clashing political and moral ideologies at stake within the University of Khartoum, and their links and affective power in relation to Khartoum politics more widely. In the process, it argues that the student political sphere did not simply function as a mirror to the wider political environment, but rather as a mobilizing ground for ideologically based parties, allowing more radical youth groups to influence national dialogues and put pressure on national political actors.

Examination of the Rare Labial Talon Cusp on Human Anterior Teeth

The labial talon cusp, a triangular ridge of enamel near the midline of anterior teeth, has been observed in archaeological remains and modern dental patients. The purpose of our report is to describe new cases in order to provide better estimates of its frequency, symmetry, teeth involved, and geographic occurrence. This research was initiated after a labial talon cusp was found in a Caddo cranium curated in the Texas Archaeological Research Lab at the University of Texas at Austin. Subsequently, we identified additional examples resulting in the total of eight new cases presented here. Five cases were identified in the Native American Pima dental casts from the A. A. Dahlberg collection at Arizona State University. Two of the Pima cases were found in a systematic analysis of 1,835 dental casts for a population frequency of 0.11%. Additional cases were identified in Ainu and Anasazi skeletal material. Including these new finds, 15 cases of labial talon cusp are now known including Native Americans, African Americans, Japanese, Australians, and Europeans. Six cases are maxillary and nine are mandibular. Known maxillary cases are unilateral, while 55.6% of the mandibular cases are bilateral. All anterior teeth appear to be affected, but there is no recorded instance of an affected mandibular canine.

Identification of apsbAMutation (Valine219to Isoleucine) in Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) Conferring Resistance to Linuron

A Powell amaranth population suspected to be resistant (R) to linuron was discovered in a carrot field in Keswick, Ontario, Canada, in 1999. Dose–response analysis with different herbicides and DNA sequencing of thepsbAgene encoding the D1 protein of photosystem II were done to confirm the resistance and identify its basis. A calculated resistance factor indicated a 12-fold increased resistance when linuron was applied to an R population compared with a susceptible (S) population. Moreover, the R population showed 6.4- and 3.1-fold greater resistance to two other phenylurea herbicides (diuron and monolinuron), 1.8- and 1.4-fold greater resistance to two triazine herbicides (metribuzin and prometryn), and 2.6-fold greater resistance to the triazinone metribuzin. R population was also cross-resistant to bentazon and bromoxynil when compared with S population, with a calculated resistance factor of 1.4 and 2.2, respectively. The partial nucleotide sequence of thepsbAgene of R populations differed at two locations when compared with S populations. The first mutation coded for a Val219Ile substitution in the deduced amino acid sequence of the D1 protein, and the second mutation was silent and encoded for a proline at position 279 in both R and S populations. The Val219Ile substitution in thepsbAgene is most likely the cause of this Powell amaranth population resistance to linuron and other PSII inhibitors. This is the first recorded instance of a Val219Ile substitution in anAmaranthusspecies.

Hexazinone Resistance in Red Sorrel (Rumex acetosella)

Biannual applications of hexazinone have been applied in many lowbush blueberry fields in Nova Scotia for more than 30 years. Persistent reliance on a single herbicide chemistry may have selected for hexazinone-resistant red sorrel. The recommended rate of hexazinone (1.92 kg ai ha−1) no longer controls red sorrel in many growing regions. Six levels of hexazinone (0, 0.48, 0.96, 1.92, 3.84, and 7.68 kg ai ha−1) were applied to red sorrel plants grown in a greenhouse from seeds collected from three commercial fields and a no blueberry area to determine if they were hexazinone resistant. Red sorrel from two sites where hexazinone had not been applied regularly died at the 0.96 kg ai ha−1rate of hexazinone whereas red sorrel from two commercial fields survived at 7.68 kg ai ha−1. It is concluded that red sorrel is hexazinone-resistant in some wild blueberry fields. A portion of thepsbA gene was sequenced and it was determined that resistant plants had a Phe to Val substitution at position 255 in the D1 protein. This is the first recorded instance of hexazinone resistance in a perennial broadleaf weed in blueberry fields.

Malar Bone Metastasis Revealing a Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common form of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. It is generally confined to the neck with or without spread to regional lymph nodes. Metastatic thyroid carcinomas are uncommon and mainly include lung and bone. Metastases involving oral and maxillofacial region are extremely rare. We described a case of malar metastasis revealing a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, presenting with pain and swelling of the left cheek in a 67-years-old female patient with an unspecified histological left lobo-isthmectomy medical history. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded instance of a malar metastasis from a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Mapping sound-space: the Japanese garden as auditory model

Japanese culture, through its art, language and religion, is a result of accumulated flows of knowledge from China and Korea. The traditions of garden design and garden construction, similarly, are ‘a space of flows’ from classical Chinese models though, after centuries of development and refinement, have become distinctly reflective of Japanese culture and aesthetics. The first recorded instance of this knowledge flow reaching Japan appears in the eleventh century. The first treatise on Japanese garden design, Sakuteiki (garden making), is attributed to Tachibana no Toshitsuna, a court official and designer of gardens. Though the treatise contains no illustrations, much of the text is precise, and its content reflective of the cultural and aesthetic predilections of the Confucianist Heien court. Other treatises may have been extant during the Heien period (794–1185), though they are now lost.

First record of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Slovenia

In October 2007 we examined 80 soil samples from 16 different locations in the central part of Slovenia (the Notranjska region) and confirmed the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes only in two soil samples. This represents the first recorded instance of an entomopathogenic nematode in Slovenia. In sample B30 we confirmed the presence of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) by means of a molecular technique. In Slovenia the application of entomopathogenic nematodes was hitherto possible only in laboratory experiments, while the Rules on Biological Plant Protection made the practical application of exotic organisms in the domestic environment entirely impossible. After the first record of the entomopathogenic nematode S. feltiae we expect the aformentioned agent to become an important alternative to insecticides in plant protection against pest insects.

First records of the oriental prawn Palaemon macrodactylus (Decapoda: Caridea), an alien species in European waters, with a revised key to British Palaemonidae

This paper details the first recorded instance of the prawn Palaemon macrodactylus in Europe, at the Orwell estuary, Suffolk. The species is native to north-east Asia, including Japan and Korea, and has previously been introduced to other areas outside its natural range. Records of the abundance of caridean species, obtained from routine benthic trawl samples in the Stour and Orwell estuaries, provide a summary of P. macrodactylus' habitat preference in reduced-salinity waters. Consistent catches and records of ovigerous females provide evidence for the stability of the Orwell population. A revised key to British Palaemonidae is also provided.