Coronajerga, covidioma, coronalengua: acerca de los cambios lingüísticos en tiempos de la pandemia

The aim of this paper is to present how the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has changed our language and the way we communicate. The article focuses on the recent Spanish neologisms that have appeared during the pandemic year 2020 and attempts to analyze their word-formation process. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the classification of neologisms proposed by M.T. Cabré Castellví (2006). Firstly, the paper highlights semantic innovations, that is, neologisms which are formed through broadening, narrowing or change of the meaning of the base form. Secondly, different types of word formation mechanisms, such as affixations, compounding, conversion or shortening are discussed. The paper also gives new insights into the most creative ways that vocabulary related to coronavirus (COVID-19) has expanded (lexical borrowing, wordplay). The data were collected from articles, books, dictionaries, social media and various websites.

An analysis of the pragmatic functions of hispanicisms in Hemingway’s "Death in the Afternoon"

This paper seeks to explore the pragmatic functions of the Spanish-induced loanwords, or hispanicisms, used in the novel Death in the Afternoon by Hemingway. These borrowed words have been manually extracted and through the software kit AntConc, each occurrence or word token was examined to determine the prevalent pragmatic motivation in each text string: ‘ideational’, ‘expressive’ or 'textual’. Findings suggest that unadapted borrowings are most widespread, and the vast majority of them correspond to ideationally or referentially motivated loanwords. The assimilation of new referents (i.e. nonexistent in English cultural frames), particularly those related with bullfighting jargon, is linked to the general stylistics of travelogues. Expressive and interpersonal motivations are less frequent but they might reflect the vernacularization of travel writing and the extended use of euphemisms through lexical borrowing. Alternatively, textual motivations are regularly found through the use of synomyms, co-hyponyms and paraphrases, which are intended to ensure text clarity and coherence.

A Relational Approach to Lexical Borrowings in the Discourse of Romanian Bilingual Immigrants in Spain

A Relational Approach to Lexical Borrowings in the Discourse of Romanian Bilingual Immigrants in Spain. This paper is a neurocognitive analysis of idiosyncratic lexical borrowings recorded in the discourse of bilingual Romanian immigrants living in Spain. The neurocognitive approach, also known as Relational Network Theory (RNT), conceives language as an interconnected relational network composed of nodes and lines, part of and connected to the general cognitive system. Linguistic processing is a result of spreading activation through the network and of interaction of the system with other biological systems. The model elegantly describes real and inferred linguistic behaviors, both well-formed and erroneous. We use this approach to explore the underlying mechanisms that trigger the emergence of linguistic interference in the discourse of bilingual speakers. We focus on several lexical borrowings selected from corpora of Romanian spoken in Spain, and we model them, using the NeuroLab tool, in relational network terms. The network modeling of these hybrid forms pinpoints new ways of understanding the differences between adapted and non-adapted, and between necessary and luxury borrowings. We conclude that the RNT model is well suited for explaining bilingual processing and, arguably, one of the few models that can account for the hybrid forms emerging in the discourse of bilingual speakers. Keywords: Relational Network Theory, lexical borrowing, Romanian, Spanish, Rumañol, neurocognitive linguistics.

On the Borrowability of Body Parts

Within recent years, quantitative cross-linguistic research has shown that body parts are one of the least borrowed semantic fields (Tadmor and Haspelmath, 2009a; 2009b; Tadmor, 2009). With body parts showing many similarities to closed classes, it is simple to assume there is little motivation for a language to borrow body part terms into its lexicon. Yet, despite its lower percentage of borrowings cross-linguistically, some languages employ much higher percentages of borrowings for naming the body. The motivations behind such borrowings across languages remain unexplored but can largely be explained by social factors. As Thomason and Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (2008) claim, social factors generally trump linguistic factors as predictors of contact-induced change. This study first discusses proposed inhibitions to lexical borrowing and then examines cases of body part loanwords from various languages showing how they fit into social patterns motivating such borrowings.

O coming oucie i wyrażeniach pokrewnych w polszczyźnie

On coming out and Related Constructions in Polish The aim of the present paper is to discuss the English lexical borrowing coming out, together with some related constructions, used in Polish. The construction in question was originally used in Polish in LGBT community to denote the process of disclosing one’s own non-heterosexual orientation; now, however, it has significantly expanded its range of contexts. The construction is thus used in many different contexts, connected with e.g. one’s religion, details about one’s earnings, etc. Interestingly enough, the meaning of other constructions, such as outing, has not been extended. In the article, descriptions of the meanings of the forms in question have been illustrated with numerous examples taken from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and the MoncoPL Corpus.

Lexical Borrowing in the Light of Digital Resources: Nyet as a Case Study

The mere appearance of a foreign word does not necessarily mark the birth of a loanword, which requires documented usage by the speech community. Relatively little research has been dedicated so far to the “prenatal” stage that would investigate the tentative infiltration of foreign-derived words. Nyet, a borrowing from Russian, is taken as a case in point. Although its first recorded instance in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) is dated to 1928, it had been increasingly recognized in English for several decades. This article focuses on textual attestations for nyet discovered in a range of digital resources, including British and American newspaper archives, and discusses their usefulness as potential antedatings for OED3’s entry.

Code-Mixing in Student Interaction of Japan UKM Members in State Polytechnic of Bali

Code-Mixing often occurs in a place where there are various ethnicities, tribes, languages, and various cultures. One of them is at the State Polytechnic of Bali. This study aims to describe the form of code-mixing that appears in the interactions of Students Extracurricular Unit of Japan called UKM Jepang members of the State Polytechnic of Bali and explain the motives for using code-mixing in the interactions. The data used in this study is the result of the interaction of students who are members of the UKM Jepang, State Polytechnic of Bali, indicated to cause Code-Mixing both offline and online. Furthermore, the research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with the type of research being descriptive research. The results showed that the form of Code-Mixing that occurred in students of Japanese UKM members of the State Polytechnic of Bali occurred in mixing nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The motives that cause the emergence of code-mixing include the consideration of the interlocutor, namely members of UKM Jepang who both understand Japanese vocabulary. Besides, some special terms in Japanese are considered more appropriate to be conveyed by students on certain topics related to Japan, and they deliberately mix the code to make the conversation more interesting. On the other hand, Some Japanese vocabulary has no meaning that can be spoken in conversation in Indonesian, which causes students to use the term and become a new 'vocabulary' in Indonesian. They accidentally did lexical borrowing to meet the language barrier and cause code-mixing.

ABSTRACT DEVERBAL FORMATIONS WITH BASES OF GREEK ORIGIN

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical und. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.