Emulsi Sereh Wangi untuk Konservasi Cagar Budaya Berbahan Batu dan Bata

Cagar budaya berbahan batu terletak di dalam ruangan maupun di luar ruangan sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan dan pelapukan. Kerusakan dan pelapukan pada cagar budaya dapat disebabkan oleh faktor internal yaitu material penyusun benda itu sendiri maupun faktor eksternal yaitu lingkungan benda itu berada. Jenis kerusakan dan pelapukan terdiri dari fisis, kimia dan biologi. Pelapukan yang terjadi pada cagar budaya berbahan batu akibat faktor biologi disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan ganggang/algae, lumut/moss, lumut kerak/lichen. cara mengatasi lumut selama ini dilakukan dengan pembersihan secara mekanis kering, mekanis basah dan bahan kimia menggunakan hyvar XL. Sedangkan untuk mengatasi lumut kerak/lichen secara kimiawi dengan menggunakan AC 322 terdiri dari ammonium bikarbonat, sodium bikarbonat, disodium salt EDTA, CMC, Arkopal dan air. pembersihan dengan cara mekanis kering dan basah tidak mengatasi pertumbuhan lumut karena bersifat hanya memindahkan spora tidak membunuh lumut. Sedangkan penggunaan bahan kimia seperti Hyvar XL dan AC 322 dapat mencemari lingkungan. Bahan yang diuji sebagai bahan alternatif ramah lingkungan untuk membunuh koloni lumut dan lumut kerak/lichen adalah emulsi sereh wangi. Emulsi sereh wangi terdiri dari minyak atsiri sereh wangi dan surfaktan tween 80. Variasi konsentrasi bahan yang diujikan yaitu 3%, 5%, 7% dan 10% dengan konsentrasi surfaktan tween 80 sebesar 5%. Pengujian bahan skala lapangan dengan cara penyemprotan bahan pada batu yang ditumbuhi koloni lumut dan lumut kerak/lichen. Parameter yang diamati adalah pengamatan visual terhadap perubahan warna, nilai ΔE perubahan warna sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pengujian, dan dampak penggunaan emulsi sereh wangi 10% pada batu segar. Hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan emulsi sereh wangi dapat menjadi bahan alternatif ramah lingkungan untuk membunuh koloni lumut pada cagar budaya berbahan batu. Bahan emulsi sereh wangi konsentrasi 3%, 5%, 7% dan 10% secara visual atau kualitatif dapat membunuh lumut dalam durasi kontak 24 jam dan emulsi sereh wangi konsentrasi 5%, 7%, dan 10% dapat membunuh lumut kerak/lichen dalam durasi kontak 48 jam, dilihat dari perubahan warna lumut dari hijau menjadi kecoklatan dan layu mengering. Sedangkan secara kuantitatif pengukuran perubahan warna dengan menggunakan alat kolori meter dilihat nilai LAB kemudian dihitung nilai ΔE dengan software colortool. Perubahan warna lumut setelah kontak 24 jam dengan emulsi sereh wangi konsentrasi 10%, dilihat dari nilai ΔE2000 sebesar 8,5721 sedangkan perubahan warna lumut kerak/lichen setelah kontak 48 jam denilai ΔE2000 sebesar 7,2063. Untuk mengetahui dampak penggunaan bahan terhadap batu bersih/segar, kontak dengan bahan selama 6 hari dilakukan pengukuran nilai ΔE2000 sebesar 3,4592, penggunaan bahan emulsi sereh wangi 10% tidak merubah warna batuan. Berdasarkan National Bureau of Standards GB7705-87 (National Institute of Standards and Technology), suatu benda dikatakan memiliki warna yang sama jika memiliki nilai ΔE ≤6.

A Simple and Sensitive Inhibitory Kinetic Method for the Carbocisteine Determination

A fast, reproducible, and sensitive method is proposed for the kinetic determination of carbocisteine (CCys). The method depends on the inhibitory property of carbocisteine, which reduces the Hg2+ catalyzed substitution rate of cyanide from [Ru(CN)6]4- with N-R-salt (1-Nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt) via forming a stable complex with Hg2+. Spectrophotometric measurements were carried out by recording the absorbance at 525 nm (λmax of [Ru(CN)5 Nitroso-R-Salt]3- complex) at a fixed time of 10 and 15 min under the optimized reaction conditions with [N-R-salt] = 4.5 × 10-4 M, I = 0.05 M (KNO3), Temp = 45.0 ± 0.2 o C, pH = 7.0 ± 0.03, [Hg2+] = 8.0 × 10-5 M and [Ru(CN)64-] = 4.25 × 10-5 M. With the proposed method, CCys can be determined quantitatively down to 3.0 × 10-6 M. This methodology can be effectively used for the rapid quantitative estimation of CCys in the pharmaceutical samples with good accuracy and reproducibility. The addition of common excipients in pharmaceuticals even up to 1000 times with [CCys] does not interfere significantly in the estimation of CCys. Resumen. Se propone un método rápido, reproducibley sensible para la determinación cinética de la carbocisteina (CCys). El método depende de la propiedad inhibitoria de la carbocisteina que reduce la tasa de sustitución catalizada por Hg2+ del cianuro de [Ru(CN)6]4- con la sal N-R (sal disódica del ácido 1-Nitroso-2-naftol-3,6-disulfónico) mediante la formación de un complejo estable con Hg2+. Las mediciones espectrofotométricas se llevaron a cabo registrando la absorbancia a 525 nm (λmax del complejo [Ru(CN)5 Sal-Nitroso-R]3-) en un tiempo fijo de 10 y 15 min en las condiciones de reacción optimizadas con [sal-NR] = 4.5 × 10-4 M, I = 0.05 M (KNO3), Temp = 45.0 ± 0.2 o C, pH = 7.0 ± 0.03, [Hg2+] = 8.0 × 10-5 M y [Ru(CN)64-] = 4.25 × 10-5 M. Con el método propuesto, CCys se puede determinar cuantitativamente hasta 3,0 × 10-6 M. Esta metodología se puede utilizar eficazmente para la estimación cuantitativa rápida de CCys en las muestras farmacéuticas con buena precisión y reproducibilidad. La adición de excipientes comunes en productos farmacéuticos incluso hasta 1000 veces con [CCys] no interfiere significativamente en la estimación de CCys.

A Fluorescence Kinetic-Based Aptasensor Employing Stilbene Isomerization for Detection of Thrombin

It is important to detect thrombin due to its physiological and pathological roles, where rapid and simple analytical approaches are needed. In this study, an aptasensor based on fluorescence attenuation kinetics for the detection of thrombin is presented, which incorporates the features of stilbene and aptamer. We designed and synthesized an aptasensor by one-step coupling of stilbene compound and aptamer, which employed the adaptive binding of the aptamer with thrombin to cause a change in stilbene fluorescence attenuation kinetics. The sensor realized detection of thrombin by monitoring the variation in apparent fluorescence attenuation rate constant (kapp), which could be further used for probing of enzyme–aptamer binding. In comprehensive studies, the developed aptasensor presented satisfactory performance on repeatability, specificity, and regeneration capacity, which realized rapid sensing (10 s) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.205 μM. The strategy was successful across seven variants of thrombin aptasensors, with tunable kapp depending on the SITS (4-Acetamido-4′-isothiocyanato-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate) grafting site. Analyte detection mode was demonstrated in diluted serum, requiring no separation or washing steps. The new sensing mode for thrombin detection paves a way for high-throughput kinetic-based sensors for exploiting aptamers targeted at clinically relevant proteins.

PH Controlled the Supramolecular Assemblies of Two Guanosine Monophosphate Cadmium Metal Coordination Complexes: Structure and Chirality

In biological systems Chirality is important property from small molecules to macromolecules. The construction of homochiral coordination supramolecules in crystal and helical delivers the connection of molecular and macromolecular chirality. Complexity and properties in the presence of cadmium ion and bpe auxiliary ligand for bio-molecular guanosine-5- monophosphate disodium salt (GMP) was studied. The two Complexes 1 and 2 have been investigated the impact of auxiliary ligand bpe, hydroxy group on the sugar motif and pH for coordination of GMP ligands. The interaction of mixed ligands for growth and advancement of chiral complexes was controlled by the alteration of pH values for coordination of guanosine-5-monophosphate nucleotide with cadmium Cd (II) metal. The chirality of complexes 1 and 2 was studied with solid circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, including supramolecular chirality and extended auxiliary ligand (EAC) combining with the crystal structure analysis. The various hydrogen bonding and auxiliary ligand are the special means of transporting chirality from isolated molecules to dynamic supramolecular three-dimensional designs of GMP nucleotide crystals. The research results will be benefit to the controlling supramolecular assembly with well-defined structure and properties.

Bubble-Liquid Membrane Method for Preparing Spherical Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles

In this work, we describe the principle and operation of a bubble-liquid membrane reactor, and use of the reactor to prepare spherical calcium carbonate nanoparticles. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser particle size analysis. The effects of additives to control crystal morphology, coating agents, and the stirring speed of the bubble-liquid membrane reactor were investigated. Spherical calcium carbonate nanoparticles with uniform dispersion and no agglomeration were obtained when a disodium hydrogen phosphate/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt mixture (1:1 mass ratio) was used as the additive, oleic acid was used as the coating agent (1.5 wt%), and the stirring speed was 5000–6000 r/min. The results indicate that the bubble-liquid membrane reactor may be suitable for continuous industrial production of calcium carbonate nanoparticles.

Effects of single and 7-fold administration of a complex of albendazole with disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid to hamsters infected with Opisthorchis felineus

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effect of albendazole as part of the supramolecular complex with disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid obtained by solid-phase mechanical treatment.Materials and methods. The anthelmintic activity of the complex and its effect on the host organism was assessed on hamsters infected with Opisthorchis felineus by single and 7-fold administration at 45 days after infection. After 21 days, we counted the number of helminthes in the liver, and conducted a morphometric analysis of the liver and spleen, and detected biochemically the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the animals’ blood serum.Results and discussion. The number of O. felineus significantly decreased after 7-fold, but not a single, administration of albendazole (ABZ) and ABZ-Na2GA complex (1 : 10). The administrated substances had no effect on the weight gain of the animals and the daily consumption of the pellets. At the same time, ABZ only as part of the complex normalized the weight of the liver and spleen in hamsters infected with O. felineus and reduced the alanine aminotransferase activity. Consequently, a longer administration of ABZ as part of the complex with disodium glycyrrhizinate has not only a pronounced anthelmintic effect, but also improves some of the physiological parameters of hamsters to a greater extent than a pure substance.

Complex of Ca(II) with Ceftriaxone: Synthesis, Structure, Spectral and Antibacterial Properties

The calcium complex of ceftriaxone was synthesized and characterized by elemental, atomic-emission analysis, TGA, IR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The luminescence and antibacterial properties of the ceftriaxone disodium and calcium complex were investigated. Ca(II) complex was obtained in a crystalline form, cell parameters of the compound were determined. Ceftriaxone was coordinated to the calcium ion by the oxygen of the triazine cycle in the 6th position, the nitrogen of the amine group of the thiazole ring, and the oxygens of the lactam carbonyl and carboxylate groups. The complex of Ca(II) with ceftriaxone was screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the results were compared with the activity of ceftriaxone disodium salt

Optimized protocol for the extraction of RNA and DNA from frozen whole blood sample stored in a single EDTA tube

Cryopreservation of whole blood is useful for DNA collection, and clinical and basic research. Blood samples in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) tubes stored at − 80 °C are suitable for DNA extraction, but not for high-quality RNA extraction. Herein, a new methodology for high-quality RNA extraction from human blood samples is described. Quickly thawing frozen whole blood on aluminum blocks at room temperature could minimize RNA degradation, and improve RNA yield and quality compared with thawing the samples in a 37 °C water bath. Furthermore, the use of the NucleoSpin RNA kit increased RNA yield by fivefold compared with the PAXgene Blood RNA Kit. Thawing blood samples on aluminum blocks significantly increased the DNA yield by ~ 20% compared with thawing in a 37 °C water bath or on ice. Moreover, by thawing on aluminum blocks and using the NucleoSpin RNA and QIAamp DNA Blood kits, the extraction of RNA and DNA of sufficient quality and quantity was achieved from frozen EDTA whole blood samples that were stored for up to 8.5 years. Thus, extracting RNA from frozen whole blood in EDTA tubes after long-term storage is feasible. These findings may help advance gene expression analysis, as well as biomarker research for various diseases.