Análisis de la realización de espectáculos televisivos en directo: Italia en Eurovisión 2021

This paper aims to study the production of live television at the Eurovision Song Contest, a contest characterized by the use of avant-garde and experimental technologies and staging. The filming and production of the winning performance in 2021, «Zitti e buoni», by the Italian group Måneskin, is selected as a case study, as it breaks with previous trends. The main objectives of this research are to analyze the selected performance from a discursive and formal perspective and to identify the visual references on which the production is based. We apply a formal audiovisual analysis while considering intertextual practices and the intention to appropriate pop culture references. The formal audiovisual analysis highlights the respect for a functional and classic audiovisual grammar that tries to make itself invisible to highlight the members of the band with their charisma. Faced with previous practices trying to break spatial and temporal continuity, the performance claims a classical audiovisual grammar and an apparently simple staging based on nostalgia.

De tolk als respeaker: een kwestie van training

As a result of political decisions, all Dutch-spoken television programmes that are broadcast by the Flemish Broadcasting Company (VRT) should be provided with subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing by the year 2010. In order to meet these high expectations, the VRT is constantly improving and changing its subtitling techniques, as are other broadcasting companies worldwide. One of the main areas of change concerns the technique of live subtitling, i. e. real time subtitling of live television programmes. This type of subtitling has definitely benefited from the use of modern speech recognition software. Live subtitling, therefore, requires not only technical skills but also excellent ‘respeaking’ skills that are reminiscent of the skills of conference interpreters. The central question in the first part of this pa- per is to what extent ‘re-speaking’ is related to simultaneous (and other forms of) interpreting: is a good interpreter automatically a good re- speaker? In the second part, I adopt a didactic point of view in order to investigate the teaching aspects of real time subtitling skills: the conclusion is that it is best included in an education programme for conference interpreters

The PATCO Strike and the Decline of Labor

In 1981, US President Ronald Reagan decisively broke the illegal strike of the Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic controllers, which had been organized by their union, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO). Because of its timing, its notoriety, and its impact in encouraging private sector employers to follow Reagan’s example and break strikes, the PATCO debacle contributed significantly to the continuing decline of the labor movement in the decades following 1981. The breaking of PATCO took place at a crucial inflection point in US labor history. Changing political, ideological, and economic trends made unions vulnerable as the 1980s began. In this volatile context, the PATCO strike garnered unprecedented attention and enormous influence. The walkout, which started on August 3, 1981, took place in every US state and territory, and Americans watched it play out in real time on live television. They saw President Reagan warn strikers that since they were government workers their walkout was illegal, issuing an ultimatum that they would be fired in forty-eight hours if they did not return to work. Then they saw Reagan fire more than eleven thousand strikers who defied his order, replacing them with military controllers and hastily trained substitutes, all with strong public backing. This event shocked rank-and-file unionists, frightened union leaders, and encouraged private sector employers to emulate Reagan in their own dealings with unions. Thus, following the PATCO strike, numerous private sector employers took advantage of weak protections for strikers in US labor law to break strikes in their industries. Workers’ willingness to strike in order to advance or defend workplace standards plummeted thereafter. Declining labor militancy in turn exacerbated the continuous decline in union membership after 1981, leaving the union movement in a deepening crisis by the early 21st century.

TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTING

The article analyzes transformation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to the specific properties of different forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. To analyze the peculiarities of their use for errors in speech of television journalists, associated with non-compliance with linguistic norms on ways to avoid these errors, to make appropriate recommendations to television journalists. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalism sat down as well as texts that sounded in the speech of journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. Improving the live broadcasting of television journalists, in particular the work on deepening the language skills will contribute to the modernization of some trends in the reasonable expediency of the transformation of certain phenomena, moder­nization of some tendencies concerning the reasonable expedient transformation of separate grammatical phenomena and categories and at braking and in general stopping of processes of transformation of negative unreasonable not expedient. This fully applies primarily to attempts to transform the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives and this explains importance of the results achieved in these study.

The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of social reportage on regional television (the example of the Republic of Buryatia)

The subject of this research is the criteria for the effectiveness of social reportage. The goal of this work consists in development of an algorithm for assessing social journalism materials. The article examines the concepts of “effectiveness” and “social TV reportage”, as well as the key criteria for assessing social live broadcast on regional television. Quality assessment criteria for live TV broadcast include the following: topic selection, choice of interlocutors and locations; staginess (content of questions, their wording, composition of reportage), work on camera (freedom of behavior of the reporter; language and style of presentation: speech technique, speech culture, sense of screen time). The criteria for the effectiveness of social live television broadcast include solution of the discussed problem ; a promise given by the parties responsible for its solution; a promise to think the problem over; full or partial admission of the problem by the competent persons; rejection of the fact that the problem exists. An attempt to develop the algorithm for assessing social live television broadcasts and its testing would allow improving forms of presentation of the materials and increasing the interest of mass media target audience, which defines the scientific novelty and relevance of this work. The research consists of several stages: the first stage is an attempt to develop the algorithm for assessing effectiveness of social live television broadcasting; the second stage marks their classification by the type social problems; the last stage implies analysis of the quality of social reportage. Conclusions are formulated on the algorithm for analysis of social live television broadcasts.

“We Should Have Had a Historian”: Live Television and the Accident of the Moon Landing Tapes

Forty years after the first moon landing in 1969, National Aeronautics and Space Administration announced that it had likely recycled the tapes containing the original footage of the landing. Although the mission was a monumental event viewed by millions of people around the world, the production and handling of the recorded materials was a matter of little concern to more than a small group of employees, historians, and space enthusiasts. This article argues that despite the fact that the erasure of these archival materials was accidental, it was not an accident per se but rather a fulfillment of a logic designed into the apparatus of magnetic tape recording from its very inception, and therefore a generative event for the media archeologist. By evoking histories and theories of broadcast and magnetic recording, I argue that erasure is a process that discloses networks of economic, cultural, material, and aesthetic discourses and interests.