scholarly journals О НЕКИМ ОРТОГРАФСКИМ ОДЛИКАМА ПИСАНЕ ГРАЂЕ ИЗ 19. ВИЈЕКА (ИЛУСТРАЦИЈЕ И КОМЕНТАРИ) / ON SOME ORTHOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITTEN MATERIAL FROM THE 19TH CENTURY (ILLUSTRATIONS AND COMMENTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (37) ◽  
pp. 105-134
Author(s):  
Sanja Šubarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Reflection

One hundred and seventy years after the death of Petar II Petrovic Njegos, and one hundred and ninety years since he was elected as the head of the Montenegrin state, and, therefore, since the establishment of the Montenegrin Senate, are all the reasons and an important occasion for returning to the written material of the Montenegrin Senate in this paper. The paper is part of a broader linguistic analysis of the documentation of the central and highest state authority in 19th -century Montenegro. It represents an orthographic analysis of the original documents of the Montenegrin Senate (formed at the beginning of the rule of Njegos – 1831) – both as the addresser and the addressee. Specifically, we followed the written reflection of consonant contacts at the morpheme boundaries within words, as well as consonant contacts at the junctions of individual words. Given the number of correspondents of the epistolary communication of the Montenegrin Senate, our analysis reveals the segments of collective orthographic practice from that period in Montenegro. The conclusions about the collective orthographic practice of one period are based on the process of monitoring the spelling procedures of individuals of different literacy levels. In spite of their limitations and, therefore, the limitations of the analysis, it provided the material that helped us discern a collective orthographic trait – a considerable inconsistency in the orthography of consonant groups at the morpheme boundaries within words and relative stability in their orthography at the junction of individual words: in the orthography of consonant groups at the morpheme boundaries within words, two ways of writing are dominant – morphological and phonological, while in the orthography of consonant groups at the junctions of separate words, the morphological principle is mostly established. The same type of orthographic instability was mainly characteristic of the literary expression of the 19th century. This is observable in the comparison of the recorded situation with the data about the orthography of Njegos and with the data on the orthographic procedures of other writers of the time in Montenegro.

The Concept of “Zemsky Sobor” in the Interpretation of State Authority in Russia of the 19th Century: From Karamzin to Stepnyak-Kravchinsky

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Badalyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Zemsky Sobor” was one of the key concepts in Russian political discourse in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. It can be traced to the notion well-known already since the 17th century. Still in the course of further evolution it received various mew meaning and connotations in the discourse of different political trends. The author of the article examines various stages of this concept configuring in the works of the Decembrists, especially Slavophiles, and then in the political projects and publications of the socialists, liberals and “aristocratic” opposition.

scholarly journals Translation difficulties in the Romanian version of Arthur Schopenhauer’s Aphorisms. A contrastive and diachronic analysis (I)

Diacronia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia-Iuliana Vârlan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Philosophical Text ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

The present paper concentrates on a late work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life, and on its only Romanian version, delivered at the end of the 19th century by Titu Maiorescu. The existence of five editions of this Romanian version, that have been published by the translator himself during a period of 40 years, represents a clear proof of the fact that transposing a German philosophical text into Romanian involved a series of translating difficulties. Observing the way Titu Maiorescu tried to overcome these difficulties by adopting specific translation solutions produced an analysis which was conducted from the linguistic perspective and which followed two directions: the contrastive one (as a result of direct comparison between source-text and target-text) and the diachronic one (which considered the interventions made by the same translator on his own text at different points in time). The linguistic analysis of a philosophical text was considered to be the most appropriate and useful approach not only for the present research, but also for future translators of the Aphorisms, who would aim at adapting the discourse of Titu Maiorescu’s version to the contemporary Romanian language, by taking into consideration its obvious evolution, especially in terms of its philosophical vocabulary.

scholarly journals Zagajenia marszałka sejmu — ewolucja wzorca gatunkowego od XVI wieku do dziś

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Dawidziak-Kładoczna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Parliamentary Debate ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Number Of Segments

Opening speeches of the Speaker of the Sejm — evolution of the genre pattern from the 16th century till todayAn opening speech is avariant of aparliamentary speech delivered by the Speaker of the Sejm at the beginning of each day of parliamentary debate. It differs from other types of parliamentary speeches, because typically the latter represents the rhetoric style, whereas an opening speech combines rhetoric and official styles. The former style predominated until the 19th century, while after 1861 atypically official style begins to predominate. It has always been amulti-segment text, but the number of segments and their character have evolved with time. Thus, the number of elements of the composition is limited and the degree of their mandatory nature varies, which results from, e.g. external determinants context. When illocutions are concerned, their general aims never change, contrary to detailed aims, even though since the times of the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia relative stability may be observed in this respect. The stylistic aspect is the most significant. Although a feature of the opening speech is its openness, its form is schematic allowing for certain modifications. Two phenomena may be observed here — restricting the repertory of means petrification, standardisation and enriching the texts with etiquette formulas

An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hewson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.

State Power and the Procedure for Creating Public Organizations in Russia in the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4 (28)) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Dmitry I. Popov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Administrative Licensing ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reveals the evolution of legal regulation of the procedure for creating public organizations in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. It is established that the main criterion for the legality of public organizations in Russia was the presence of a charter approved by the state authority. Legislative regulation of the creation of private initiative societies was reduced to determining the list of state authorities authorized to approve the charters of new societies. Through the publication of a wide range of secondary legislation, the state authority established the requirements for the content of statutory norms and determined the procedure for their approval. The author found that in the second half of the 19th century there was a decentralization of the mechanism for creating private initiative societies and simplification of the administrative licensing procedure.

Jewish and Muslim Messianism in Yemen

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bat-Zion Eraqi Klorman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The last three messianic claimants to appear in the Jewish diaspora appeared in Yemen in the 19th century. At this time and place the mutual influences of Jews and Muslims were notable both in messianic movements and in literary expression. Muslim society in Yemen was aware of the messianic tension among the Jews, and individual Muslims even took part in each of the known messianic movements. Conversely—and this is the subject of this article—Jewish society, at least on the popular level, was receptive to Muslim apocalyptic ideas and beliefs and integrated them into Jewish apocalyptic anticipations.The belief in messianism and the sharing of ideas on redemption or of the golden age in the eschatological era (i.e., at the End of Time) have long been maintained by the Jews. Some of the concepts that served as paradigms for later messianic speculations were derived from the Bible. For instance, the concept of rescue—the rescue by God of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt—became the example of God's intervention to help his people and mirrored the rescue at the End of Days. Likewise, the Davidic kingdom was believed to be the fulfillment of an ancient covenant between God and the Israelites—and, therefore, the Davidic kingdom became in the history of Jewish messianism the paradigm for how the future kingdom would be, how the covenant would be fulfilled. Also, the term “messiah” (mashiah)—i.e., the anointed one—was originally the official title for the Davidic kings and the early root for the later messiah; hence, it would be a Davidic descendant who would lead the Jews into the messianic age.

scholarly journals "Pizarro al amo": un texto desconocíu en llionés del sieglo XIX = "Pizarro al amo": an unknown Leonese language text of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Iván Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Language Text ◽  
Century Literature

<p>Resume:</p><p>Nesti trabayu publícase “Pizarro al amo”, un texto satíricu en llionés aparecíu nel 1879 nel periódicu El Porvenir de León y ignoráu polos estudios de literatura asturllionesa hasta hoi. Pa entender la importancia d’esti descubrimientu, ofrezse un repasu pola literatura n’asturllionés occidental del sieglo XIX, con especial atención a los pocos textos conservaos de Llión. A continuación, sitúase la obra nel so contexto históricu, periodísticu y políticu, presentando una hipótesis d’identificación d’ún de los personaxes criticaos. Complétase’l trabayu con un análisis lingüísticu qu’asitia la variedá usada en texto y afonda en delles de les sos característiques.</p><p><em>Abstract</em>:</p><p>This paper publishes “Pizarro al amo”, a satyrical Leonese language text that appeared in 1879 in the newspaper El Porvenir de León and was unknown until now to the Asturleonese literature studies. In order to understand the importance of this finding, a review of 19<sup>th</sup> century literature in Western Asturleonese is made, with particular attention to the few texts from León that are preserved. Subsequently, this literary work is placed in its historical, journalistic and political context, with a thesis on the identification of one of the characters criticised in the text. Finally, a linguistic analysis is done, locating the variety of language used in the text and delving into some of its characteristics.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Centuries-Long Trends in the Linguistic Integration of Croatian Society

Slovene ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-243
Author(s):  
Amir Kapetanović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Integration ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the history of the Croatian language, particularly the paths of the gradual linguistic integration of all Croats and the development of the standard language (based upon the Štokavian dialect) within Croatian society, whose members have spoken three dialects (Čakavian, Štokavian, Kajkavian) since the Middle Ages. Because of the multidialectal situation (all three dialects played an important role in the history of the Croatian language), linguistic integration was a complex process. The use of the Croatian language before national integrality in the 19th century may look complicated and disunified, but this article attempts to show the old connections between different dialectal areas and the realization of two the main conceptions of the construction of Croatian superdialectal (literary) expression in linguistic history: a literary language with a single-dialect basis (but with multi-dialectal infiltration within the superstructure) and a literary (hybrid) type of language based upon at least two dialects.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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