Determining the ratio of the number of recoil electrons to the number of photoelectrons using a new method

The problem in question is relevant due to discrepancy between the results of theoretical and known experimental studies of various interactions of ionizing emission photons with substances, in particular, photo effect and Compton scattering of these photons. The study aimed at carrying out specific measurements using a new method of simultaneously determining the ratio of the number of recoil electrons to the number of photoelectrons. Analysis of the results showed that there are significant discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental data. New values of simultaneously measured ratios of cross-sections for heavy atoms using a method invented by the author, and old measurements of these ratios for light atoms usingWilson cloud chamber, when compared with theoretical calculations, show that a significant (by one order and more) one-direction discrepancy is seen for X-ray and gamma emissions over a range of energies in question.It is shown that these discrepancies might be attributed to the fact that an atomic electron is in a free state for a while. Compton scattering occurs with a free electron; photo effect involves only bound electrons. Therefore, Compton scattering cross section is proportional to a period of time, during which electron was in a free state, whereas photo effect cross section is proportional to a time period, during which electron was in a bound state. The article materials might be helpful to perform both fundamental, and applied studies on interaction of light quanta with substance including modelling the phenomena under examination.

ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTER AND QUANTUM MEDICINE

The foundations of quantum physics have been laid by Max Planck, who suggested that energy couldn’t be absorbed and radiated continuously, but only in separate portions - these portions were called quanta. His ideas were confirmed in numerous physical experiments on the photo effect, the structure of the atom and atomic nucleus, brilliantly performed by Bohr and Rutherford. All this in the aggregate made it possible to eliminate the border between matter and waves, predicted by Louis de Broil. In this way the foundations of quantum mechanics were laid = Heisenberg and Schrödinger did this work. Many manifestations of quantum physics can already be observed in everyday life. These are optical quantum generators, computer CDs, and integrated circuits and lots and lots of this. In recent years, the researchers have drawn their attention to other quantum physics applications related to queries. By their design, this work will be carried out in the future by quantum computers. The article presents a short report on the quantum computer and the prospects for its use in quantum medicine.

Fucoxanthin for Topical Administration, a Phototoxic vs. Photoprotective Potential in a Tiered Strategy Assessed by In Vitro Methods

Fucoxanthin possesses a well-described antioxidant activity that might be useful for human skin photoprotection. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its properties when applied onto human skin. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the photoprotective and phototoxicity potential of fucoxanthin based on its ultraviolet (UVB 280–320 nm; UVA 320–400 nm) and visible (VIS 400–700 nm) absorption, photostability, phototoxicity in 3T3 mouse fibroblast culture vs. full-thickness reconstructed human skin (RHS), and its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation that is induced by UVA on HaCaT keratinocytes. Later, we evaluated the antioxidant properties of the sunscreen formulation plus 0.5% fucoxanthin onto RHS to confirm its bioavailability and antioxidant potential through the skin layers. The compound was isolated from the alga Desmarestia anceps. Fucoxanthin, despite presenting chemical photo-instability (dose 6 J/cm2: 35% UVA and 21% VIS absorbance reduction), showed acceptable photodegradation (dose 27.5 J/cm2: 5.8% UVB and 12.5% UVA absorbance reduction) when it was added to a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v). In addition, it increased by 72% of the total sunscreen UV absorption spectra, presenting UV-booster properties. Fucoxanthin presented phototoxic potential in 3T3 fibroblasts (mean photo effect 0.917), but it was non-phototoxic in the RHS model due to barrier function that was provided by the stratum corneum. In addition, it showed a significant inhibition of ROS formation at 0.01% (p < 0.001), in HaCat, and in a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v) (p < 0.001), in RHS. In conclusion, in vitro results showed fucoxanthin protective potential to the skin that might contribute to improving the photoprotective potential of sunscreens in vivo.