De l’intellect a l’un: la notion de “συνυποστασις” chez Plotin

At the end of Treatise 38 (VI 7), Plotinus presents an original analysis of the activity of the intellect. The intellectual activity of the soul cannot produce its object and thinks what is in the Intellect from which it comes. On the contrary, the Intellect produces its object (οὐσία) and its intellection is not the act of a substrate (ὑποκείμενον), as in the preceding case. In this context, Plotinus uses, to account for this particular form of intellect, a very rare notion in his work, that of συνυπόστασις. In our opinion, its use is at the origin of a true explanatory model that Plotinus uses in particular in Treatise 39 (VI 8) to think how the One can be what he wants to be. The use of this notion can therefore help us understand the meaning of freedom and will attributed to the first principle.

Conclusion: Notions of the Secular

This conclusion summarises and compares the two preceding case studies: “Secular Voices on Air: The British Debate on Thought for the Day” (Tim Karis) and “The Understanding of dharmanirapekṣa (“secular”) in the Nepali Online Newspaper Nagarik” (Johanna Buss).

Assertive Pluralism for a World of Irreducible Diversity

Drawing from the preceding case studies, the concluding chapter finds hate spin to be a sophisticated form of contention that is strategic, versatile and networked. These characteristics make hate spin difficult for the law to deal with. Laws against offense are fundamentally flawed because they fail to take into account the subjectivity of offense, which makes such laws prone to abuse by hate spin agents. Prohibition of incitement is necessary but usually insufficient, because hate propaganda can be designed in ways to evade the law. Rather than merely addressing speech, democracies should institute strong antidiscrimination laws. Hate spin causes the most damage in contexts where equality for minorities is not guaranteed. A multicultural, equality-protecting constitutional order is the only viable way to organize a society that is internally diverse.

The Influence of Disease Severity of Preceding Clinical Cases on Pathologists’ Medical Decision Making

Background. Medical decision making may be influenced by contextual factors. We evaluated whether pathologists are influenced by disease severity of recently observed cases. Methods. Pathologists independently interpreted 60 breast biopsy specimens (one slide per case; 240 total cases in the study) in a prospective randomized observational study. Pathologists interpreted the same cases in 2 phases, separated by a washout period of >6 months. Participants were not informed that the cases were identical in each phase, and the sequence was reordered randomly for each pathologist and between phases. A consensus reference diagnosis was established for each case by 3 experienced breast pathologists. Ordered logit models examined the effect the pathologists’ diagnoses on the preceding case or the 5 preceding cases had on their diagnosis for the subsequent index case. Results. Among 152 pathologists, 49 provided interpretive data in both phases I and II, 66 from only phase I, and 37 from phase II only. In phase I, pathologists were more likely to indicate a more severe diagnosis than the reference diagnosis when the preceding case was diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer (proportional odds ratio [POR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.42). Results were similar when considering the preceding 5 cases and for the pathologists in phase II who interpreted the same cases in a different order compared with phase I (POR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05–1.31). Conclusion. Physicians appear to be influenced by the severity of previously interpreted test cases. Understanding types and sources of diagnostic bias may lead to improved assessment of accuracy and better patient care.

III. Rethinking Causae 23–26 as the Causae hereticorum

This essay questions the designation of Causa 23-Causa 26 of Gratian’s Decretum as the Causae hereticorum, a “tract” on heresy. It first explores the historiographical discrepancy between the designation and the varied analysis of scholars. Then it moves to a reassessment of the three textual features, which - if taken out of context - could lead to the conclusion that heresy was the principal element of the cases: the hypotheticals, the introductory summary to the causae known as “In secunda parte”, and finally the placing of the cross-reference to “in prima causa” on equal footing with the reference to a tractatus. Rather than the Causae hereticorum, the essay argues that it might prove more fruitful to consider Causae 23-26, along with the preceding case (Causa 22) on the oath and perjury, as a thematic unit addressing obedience and the execution of one’s office. Using the topics of heresy and magic as a means to an end, a springboard to address larger issues, the early textual tradition of the first recension illustrates that Gratian applied the juridical aspects of oath-taking, laid out in Causa 22, to assess how bonds structured the different interpersonal relationships analyzed in Causae 23-26. Thinking about Causae 22-26 as cases concerned with relationships and the associated duties offers an opportunity to think more about how the law conceived of and transmitted ideas about right order: an order that would extend from the pope down to the laity.

METHOD OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEACHER

In the article the problem of readiness of teacher from student�s cognitive competence development is considered. The authors substantiates the term of form cognitive competence. The special attention is given to the analysis of characteristic an educational space. Attention is focused on the problem of forming of teacher�s personality in the conditions of continuous education, from student�s cognitive competence development is considered. In the perspective of learning there is an increasing need for customized education and training. In a preceding case study, a process-focused demand-driven approach for organizing flexible educational programmers in higher professional education was developed. The authors offers his view at the role of selfeducation in the process of the personality, that is able and has great wish for self-realization. Methods of professional self-development of teacher are suggested. The adapted methodses �The self-appraisal level of forming teacher�s professional skill�, �The plan of teacher�s self-education�, �Graph of Gunnt�

On the operad of associative algebras with derivation

We study the operad of associative algebras equipped with a derivation. We show that it is determined by polynomials in several variables and substitution. Replacing polynomials by rational functions gives an operad which is isomorphic to the operad of “moulds”. It provides an efficient environment for doing integro-differential calculus. Interesting variations are obtained by using formal group laws. The preceding case corresponds to the additive formal group law. We unravel the notion of homotopy associative algebra with derivation in the spirit of Kadeishvili's work.

Statistical Method for Predicting When Patients Should Be Ready on the Day of Surgery

Background Previously, mathematical theory was developed for determining when a patient should be ready for surgery on the day of surgery. To apply this theory, a method is needed to predict the earliest start time of the case. Methods The authors calculated a time estimate such that the probability is 0.05 that the preceding case in the patient's operating room (OR) will be finished before the patient is ready for surgery. This implies there will be a 5% risk of OR personnel being idle and waiting for the patient. This 0. 05 value was chosen by considering the relative cost valuation of an average patient's time to that of an average surgical team based on national salary data. Case duration data from a surgical services information system were used to test different statistical methods to estimate earliest start times. Results Simulations found that 0.05 prediction bounds, calculated assuming case durations followed log-normal distributions, achieved actual risks for the OR staff to wait for patients of 0.050 to 0.053 (SEM = 0.001). Nonparametric prediction bounds performed no better than the parametric method. Having patients ready a fixed number of hours before the scheduled starts of their operations is not reliable. If the preceding case in an OR had been underway for 0.5 to 1.5 h, the parametric 0.05 prediction bounds for the time remaining achieved actual risks for OR staff waiting of 0.055 to 0.058 (SEM = 0.001). Conclusion The earliest start time of a case can be estimated using the 0.05 prediction bound for the duration of the preceding case. The authors show 0.05 prediction bounds can be estimated accurately assuming that case durations follow log-normal distributions.

Competition of 5(O)n and 6(O)n participation by 19a-substituent in hypobromous acid addition to 2,3- and 5,6-unsaturated 19-homocholestane derivatives

19-Substituted 2,3-unsaturated cholestane derivatives IIIa-IIIc react with hypobromous acid to give the cyclic bromo ether VI as sole or major product arising by cleavage of the 2α,3α-bromoion V with 6(O)n participation by the 19a-group. The 5,6-unsaturated alcohol IVa reacts with hypobromous acid to yield the cyclic bromo ether X as product of 5(O)n participation. Under the same conditions, the methoxy derivative IVb yields two products, X and XI, with violation of Fürst-Plattner rule. In similar manner as in the preceding case, the products arise by cleavage of the bromonium ion IXb with 5(O)n participation by the 19a-methoxyl. In contrast, the 5,6-unsaturated acetoxy derivative IVc reacts without participation via two diastereoisomeric bromonium ions VIIIc and XV to give the corresponding diaxial bromohydrins XVI and XVII which undergo spontaneous cyclization to the epoxides XVIII and XIX. The course of these reactions, comparison with the lower homologs of the type I and II, the role of Markovnikov and Fürst-Plattner rules and capability of the particular functional groups to participate in 5(O)n and 6(O)n processes are discussed.

SEX DIFFERENCES OF THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT TO MESENCEPHALIC LESIONS

ABSTRACT The pituitary-adrenal system of adult rats of both sexes bearing small bilateral electrolytic lesions in the periaqueductal gray matter of the mesencephalon (PGM) was studied. Female animals showed a significant increase in the weight of the adrenal gland and in the number of mitoses; there was a marked diminution of histochemically detectable alkaline phosphatases and variations in simple esterases, neutral fats and cholesterol. Conversely, male animals with similar nervous lesions did not show adrenal hypertrophy or changes in its mitotic count and only slight variations in the lipid content. The administration of small doses of oestradiol dipropionate (2 μg/rat/d) to male induced slight changes in only some of the parameters studied. When oestrogen was given to animals bearing lesions in the PGM, a significantly larger adrenal hypertrophy was obtained than in the preceding case, but with an increase of capillary alkaline phosphatases. These results suggest that the central neural control of corticotrophin secretion in the rat is different in both sexes and that oestrogen could be one of the factors involved in such a difference.