Intraosseous Injection of Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intraosseous injection in the treatment of patients with knee OA stages II-III. Materials and Methods. The multicenter randomized study involved 40 patients (27 women, 13 men, average age 67.07.8 years, BMI 32.74.8, duration of disease 17.33.7 months) with knee OA of stages II-III according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) classification. Patients of the main (BMAC group) group (n = 19) underwent a single intraosseous injection of BMAC, in the comparison group (n = 21) a PRP injection (PRP group). The results were evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 12 months with the verbal rating scale (VRS), VAS, Leken and WOMAC scales. Results. Comparison of the results in the groups on the VRS showed that at an earlier time (3 and 6 months), the preferences of patients were in favor of the treatment of BMAC (65% and 55% positive reviews) before PRP (55% and 45% positive reviews), whereas after 12 months the differences were insignificant. Analysis of VAS indicators in patients of both groups indicated a more pronounced decrease in the severity of pain syndrome after BMAC intraosseous injection. The analysis of the Leken scale indicators showed in favor of BMAC throughout the entire observation period, the differences were most pronounced in the first 3 months of observation. The ratio of the values of the WOMAC index in both patients groups indicated statistically significant differences that persisted in all periods of follow-up, the increase in indicators occurred to a lesser extent after the introduction of BMAC compared with PRP. Conclusion. A single intraosseous BMAC injection has an advantage over a similar PRP injection in terms of pain, knee function and physical activity of patients at all follow-up periods. Both methods of treatment are equally safe.

Osteoprotective Effects in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model: Oral Tocotrienol vs. Intraosseous Injection of Tocotrienol-Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Combination

Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, is associated with compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the progression of osteoporosis. Specifically, for postmenopausal osteoporosis, the reduction in estrogen levels leads to increased oxidative stress in bone remodeling. Tocotrienol, a member of vitamin E that exhibits antioxidant activities, has shown potential as an agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Most studies on the osteoprotective effects of tocotrienols had used the oral form of tocotrienols, despite their low bioavailability due the lack of transfer proteins and high metabolism in the liver. Several bone studies have utilized tocotrienol combined with a nanocarrier to produce a controlled release of tocotrienol particles into the system. However, the potential of delivering tocotrienol–nanocarrier combination through the intraosseous route has never been explored. In this study, tocotrienol was combined with a nanocarrier, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and injected intraosseously into the bones of ovariectomized rats to produce targeted and controlled delivery of tocotrienol into the bone microenvironment. This new form of tocotrienol delivery was compared with the conventional oral delivery in terms of their effects on bone parameters. Forty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The first group was sham operated, while other groups were ovariectomized (OVX). Following 2 months, the right tibiae of all the rats were drilled at the metaphysis region to provide access for intraosseous injection. The estrogen group (OVX + ESTO) and tocotrienol group (OVX + TTO) were given daily oral gavages of Premarin (64.5 mg/kg) and annatto-tocotrienol (60 mg/kg), respectively. The locally administered tocotrienol group (OVX + TTL) was given a single intraosseous injection of tocotrienol–PLGA combination. After 8 weeks of treatment, both OVX + TTO and OVX + TTL groups have significantly lower bone markers and higher bone mineral content than the OVX group. In terms of bone microarchitecture, both groups demonstrated significantly higher trabecular separation and connectivity density than the OVX group (p < 0.05). Both groups also showed improvement in bone strength by the significantly higher stress, strain, stiffness, and Young’s modulus parameters. In conclusion, daily oral tocotrienol and one-time intraosseous injection of tocotrienol–PLGA combination were equally effective in offering protection against ovariectomy-induced bone changes.

The Treatment of Bone Marrow Lesions Associated with Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis: Comparing Intraosseous and Intraarticular Injections with Bone Marrow Concentrate and Platelet Products

Background: Bone marrow lesions are a radiographic indication of bony pathology closely associated with advanced osteoarthritis of the adjacent joint. Injection of autologous orthobiologic products, including bone marrow concentrate and platelet-rich plasma, have demonstrated safety and efficacy in treating both advanced osteoarthritis (via intraarticular injection) and associated bone marrow lesions (via intraosseous injection). The relative efficacy of intraarticular versus intraosseous injection of orthobiologics has not been evaluated at the present time. Objectives: The objective was to evaluate differences in orthobiologic bone marrow lesions treatment, either as a collateral result of intraarticular injection with bone marrow concentrate and platelet products alone, or intraosseous plus intraarticular injection as measured by patient reported outcomes. Study Design: This study employed a prospective case-matched cohort design. Setting: This study took place at a single outpatient interventional orthopedic pain clinic. Methods: Using data from a prospective orthobiologic treatment registry of knee patients, a population of knee osteoarthritis with bone marrow lesions patients who had undergone only intraarticular knee injections of bone marrow concentrate and platelets (for symptomatic advanced osteoarthritis) were age, gender, and disease severity case-matched to a series of advanced osteoarthritis and bone marrow lesions patients who underwent intraosseous plus intraarticular injections. Self-reported patient outcomes for Numeric Pain Scale, International Knee Documentation Committee, lower extremity functional scale, and a modified single assessment numeric evaluation were compared between the 2 treatment groups. Results: Eighty patients were included, 40 in each group. Although pain and functional outcome scores were significantly improved in both treatment groups, there was no statistically significant differences in patient reported outcomes based on the type of treatment. Limitations: There are several limitations to this study, including multiple providers performing the injections, varying onset of symptoms to treatment, and additional injections after their initial treatment, that were not controlled. In addition, increasing the sample size may be beneficial as well, particularly with the large bone marrow lesions group, which did suggest possible improvement with intraosseous plus intraarticular over the intraarticular, although was not statistically significant in our sample. Limited data availability for this cohort as well as some missing data are other limitations to consider. Conclusion: Treating knee bone marrow lesions with intraosseous bone marrow concentrate and platelet products did not affect patient reported outcomes. Key words: Intraosseous, intraarticular, bone marrow concentrate, bone marrow lesion, bone marrow edema, knee osteoarthritis, platelet-rich plasma, injection

Anestesia transcortical em exodontias simples e complexas

Anestesia transcortical consiste no depósito da solução anestésica no osso esponjoso adjacente ao dente a ser anestesiado. O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar um levantamento retrospectivo científico sobre a eficácia clínica da anestesia transcortical aplicada às exodontias simples e complexa através de revisão de literatura. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases Pubmed, SciELO e Scopus, usando as combinações de palavras-chave “intraosseous injection AND oral surgery”, “tooth extraction AND intraosseous anesthesia”, “mandibular third molar surgery AND intraosseous injection” e “tooth extraction AND transcortical anesthesia”. Foram incluídos estudos clínicos publicados no período de 2000 a 2020, em inglês. Foram excluídos estudos laboratoriais, estudos em animais, casos clínicos e revisões de literatura. Quanto aos resultados, foram localizados 92 aplicando-se as palavras-chave, dos quais 7 foram incluídos após critérios de inclusão e exclusão, através de leitura dos títulos, resumos e textos completos. A maioria (n=6) era estudos clínicos, dos quais 5 eram randomizados. Todos os estudos avaliaram o sistema QuickSleeper, incluindo comparação a anestesia transcortical com a técnica de bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (n=3). A percepção dolorosa (n=3) e a eficácia (n=4) foram os fatores mais avaliados nos trabalhos. A anestesia transcortical é uma alternativa às técnicas convencionais e pode ser aplicada em casos de falhas ou insuficiências da anestesia convencional em exodontias simples e complexas.