Application of the Spores of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium Muscarium for Control of Adelgids on Conifers in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden

This article discusses the possibility of using the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium R. Zare & W. Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against the fir adelgid Adelges pectinatae pectinatae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) and Siberian cedar adelgid Pineus cembrae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) on the Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., and pines Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus banksiana Lamb. The blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus L. muscarium strain G-033 VIZR, in the concentration of 5x107 spores/ml, showed a high efficiency on both of the species of adelgid. On the 17th day, the mortality of P. cembrae was 73% on P. sibirica and 61% on P. banksiana, and the mortality of the species A. pectinatae pectinatae on A. sibirica was 74%. The effect of the spore application had a prolonged effect over the next month on all treated trees. Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium muscarium, adelgid, conifers

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SMALL SPRUCE BARK BEETLE IPS AMITINUS (EICHHOFF, 1872) IN WESTERN SIBERIA

The data on distribution of small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus (Eichh.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a new invasive pest of European origin on the territory of Western Siberia are presented. Alien bark beetle species was recorded in the Siberian pine forests of the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. According to the modern data the total invasion range is more than 30 thousand km² with a tendency to further expansion. The number outbreaks of I. amitinus in Siberian pine forests near settlements, in nature preservations and plantations of Pinus sibirica Du Tour cause significant harm to pine-nut harvesting and selective breeding.

Vascular plants– phyto-indicators of geoactive zones in mountains and plains

The research was conducted in the Perm Region. Geo-structural analysis, phyto-indication, and biolocationwere used. Prior to this, forest ecosystems were studied by classical methods, in which it was found that the combinedinfluence of the density of microcenosis and the tree genotype determines the size of trees by only 40 %. It follows that 60%of the factors that determine the size of trees in different phytocenotic and soil conditions remain unknown. Therefore,we then began to study small geoactive zones (MGA-zones) with the hypothesis that they are related to the “small ringstructures of loose deposits of the earth’s crust” by Yu. I. Fivensky. Favorable MGA zones with a size of 1.0-3.0 m are foundwith a frequency of 220-250 pcs./ha and the pine tree is preserved 39 times better, increases the trunk volume by 46 %,forms 200-year-old forests, and its large trees are their indicators. Networks of them can be used as an energy frameworkand, for example, in a forest nursery, their energy in the conditions of cold spring increased the germination of spruceseeds by 7 times. Apparently, the forest species evolved using the energies of these zones; in any case, all the tree species westudied significantly increased their longevity and size. It shows promising sites with structures of Yu. I. Fivensky, whererings of hellebore (Verátrum lobeliánum Bernh.), fern (Dryopteris filix mas L.), and the highest trees of Siberian spruce(Picea obovate Leded) were previously discovered for the first time.) and Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour).

Study of the stem growth of heteroplastic grafts of stone pines in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

Changes in the radial growth Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus cembra L. grafts and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) rootstocks were observed in comparison with control (non-grafted) trees of the corresponding species, whichindicated the mutual influence of the grafting components on each other. The smaller width of the annual rings in Pinuscembra grafts compared to Siberian cedar grafts is due to their species features. In general, the phloem was more conservative in structure than the xylem and in the grafts union zone retained the species characteristics, sometimes manifestedin the form of jagged junction of two types of bark, while in the xylem in the union zone were cells with an intermediatestructure. The study of seasonal dynamics showed that, in comparison with the rootstocks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), the scions of Stone pine quickly passed to the process of maturation of tracheids, especially the scions of Pinus sibirica Du Tour, which also completed the development of xylem annual ring faster. The similarity of some parameters of theanatomical structure, reactions to climatic conditions, synchronization of the development of the annual ring in the scion of the P. cembra with the stock of the Scots pine explain the higher safety of grafts of the P. cembra in comparison withthe P. sibirica.

Assessment of acclimation of Pinus sibirica mountain ecotypes ex situ on CO2 -gas exchange parameters

Carbon dioxide gas exchange of vegetative scion Siberian stone pine ecotypes (Pinus sibirica Du Tour)from the West Sayan mountains altitudinal transect grown on the geographical grafting plantation in the south of theTomsk Region were studied. The altitudinal transect was represented by two ecotypes: low mountain zone and alpine zone.The age of the grafted trees was 20 years. It was shown that the photosynthesis intensity did not differ between ecotypessignificantly, and respiratory activity increased significantly along altitudinal transect and the differences were 40 %between ecotypes. The results of the experiment revealed that the respiration / photosynthesis ratio was 1.5 times higher inalpine ecotype than in low mountain ecotype, which indicates a lower plant productivity of the alpine ecotype. The resultsof measuring stomatal and mesophyll conductance showed that these values differ between ecotypes significantly. Alpineecotype was characterized with more high values of stomatal conductance, but low values of mesophyll conductancerelatively low-mountain ecotype. Alpine ecotype had more high values of CO2 in chloroplasts and electronic transportrates. The obtained data indicate the photosynthetic acclimation when ecotypes were moved to the warmer climate. Therespiratory activity are largely regulated by hereditary factors.

Comparative anatomy of the conductive tissues of the scions of Pinus sibirica Du Tour, P. cembra L. and their rootstocks P. sylvest

To study the appearance of incompatibility in adult graft trees, we studied the anatomical characteristics ofconducting phloem and sapwood in 55-year-old scions of Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus cembra L. and their rootstocks –Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). It was found that in all variants the width of the sapwood in the rootstock is significantlyhigher than in the scion; however, when only the early tracheids are taken into account, the differences between the scionand the rootstock are not significant, and the total width of the early tracheids from the sapwood is some higher in theP. cembra trees. In the place of rootstock and scion union, the width of the rootstock sapwood decreases due to a decreasein the proportion of late tracheids, while the sapwood of the scion remains almost unchanged. The variability of the sapwood width in scions and rootstocks of the P. cembra is lower and it is less sensitive to the reduction of increments thanin the P. sibirica, it indicates interspecific differences. The average width of the conducting phloem for the growing seasonalso varies less in the P. cembra, and in individuals of the P. sibirica with small xylem increments it approaches the widthof the current xylem increment. The relationship between the width of the conducting phloem and the width of the sapwood is weak; the width of the phloem depends more on the current growth of the xylem. The quantitative differencesin the width of the sapwood and the conducting phloem make it possible to judge the preservation of their species-specificity during long-term coexistence of the scion and the rootstock, as well as the effect of the scion on to the rootstock.

Формирование кроны кедра сибирского за 12-летний период после декапитации (пригородная зона г. Красноярска)

Показаны особенности формирования кроны кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) после декапитации, произрастающего на плантации «Метеостанция» в Учебно-опытном лесхозе Караульного лесничества в условиях юга Средней Сибири. Объектом исследований являлась 54-летняя плантация кедра сибирского, выращенная из семян, заготовленных в 1964 г. в Лениногорском лесхозе (Республика Казахстан). Декапитация проведена у деревьев 42-летнего возраста в 2005 г. с оставлением ствола высотой 1,4-1,7 м. Верхняя часть кроны удалена на 50,0-66,7%. В 2017 г. деревья достигли высоты 5,6-9,1 м. Количество лидирующих побегов, заменивших центральный, составило 3-7 шт., длина которых за 12-летний период достигла 4,0-7,6 м. Деревья с диаметром ствола 12-18 см имели по 3-4, с диаметром 20-26 см – по 6-7 шт. лидирующих побега. Установлено, что уровень изменчивости высоты деревьев низкий; прироста побегов, диаметра ствола – средний, количества лидирующих побегов – высокий. Наибольшей высотой (9,1 м) отличалось дерево № 4-98, превосходя другие особи на 8,3-62,5%. Сопоставлено количество боковых ветвей, образовавшихся на лидирующих побегах за 5 лет (2013-2017 гг.). Отмечено, что их средний прирост за исследуемый период находился в пределах 23,6-45,5 см. Между диаметром ствола и числом лидирующих побегов коэффициент корреляции (r) равен 0,619; числом лидирующих побегов и количеством сформированных боковых ветвей спустя 7-12 лет после декапитации – 0,770, диаметром ствола при обрезке и высотой деревьев после 12 лет декапитации – 0,738.

FUNGI COLONIZING CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS IN FOREST NURSERIES OF MIDDLE SIBERIA

The study was carried out in four forest nurseries of Middle Siberia. Affected seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Scots Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) were collected for molecular phytopathological examination. In total, 14 fungal taxa were identified in the needles and roots of the plants. The most dominant among them were Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E., Didymella glomerata (Corda) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar, Phialocephala fortinii C. J. K. Wang & H. E. Wilcox and Cadophora finlandica (C. J. K. Wang & H. E. Wilcox) T. C. Harr. & McNew. The richness of the fungal taxa was higher in the needles than in the roots of all the tree species studied. The obtained results could be used for implementing more effective phytosanitary measures in the studied nurseries.