Functional amenorrhea Dietr ich’oM (Zentr. f. Gyn., 1916, № 6), Siegel’eм (Zеntr. f. Gyn., 1917, №№13—14), Eckstеш’ом (ibid.), Schweitzer’oм (Münciv med. Woch., 1917, № 17), Spaeth’oM (Zentr. f. Gyn., 1917, № 27)

Meanwhile, as the incidence of eclampsia with the beginning of the great war dropped sharply, in relation to functional amenorrhea, that is, the reasons for which cannot be found in diseases of the female reproductive apparatus, the opposite was observed: the number of cases of it during the war greatly increased, which gave the reason for the authors to talk about "military amenorrhea".

On the issue of complications of typhus in the genital area in women.

Relatively rarely, the course of acute infectious diseases remains without any effect on the functions and anatomical relations of the female genital parts. With a number of diseases of this kind, both in mature and in childhood women, namely, with cholera, typhoid and relapsing fever, dysentery and croupous pneumonia, as well as smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, influenza, etc., inflammatory hyperemia of the reproductive apparatus.

Didactic materials: Mannequin for canine abdominal and vaginal palpation

Compared to the veterinary education system decades ago, ethical and welfare questions are of major relevance in the current scenario. Therefore, certain learning practices involving in vivo animal studies are no longer performed. To overcome this limitation, the use of mannequins has emerged as an interactive and immersive method of learning that simulates a real situation. The aim of this work is development mannequins for improve physiology of the reproductive apparatus of a bitch. Here, we used a plastic canine prototype to simulate the abdominal and vaginal palpation technique. An abdominal incision was made, filled with synthetic fiber, and a fictional uterus was placed. In the same mannequin, an orifice was created that correspond to the vagina. This model greatly helped in training students in performing palpation techniques, conducting the static evaluation, and assessing maternal-fetal ratio. Moreover, the physiology of the reproductive canine prototype made possible the demonstration of abdominal and vaginal palpation. This practice of vaginal palpation was found to be of great value since several students could easily take the examination and identify different stages of canine gestation, which could hardly be achieved using animals. Mannequins have received good student acceptance owing to their safety and ease to use, and resulted in a better understanding of the procedure to perform future in vivo animal studies.

Description of Hemienchytraeus wuhanensis sp. nov. (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) from central China, with comments on species records of Hemienchytraeus from China

Hemienchytraeus wuhanensissp. nov. is described from hardwood forest soil in Wuhan, China. This moderately sized enchytraeid species of 6–9 mm body length is characterized by: (1) an oesophageal appendage with tertiary branches, (2) three pairs of secondary pharyngeal gland lobes in V, VI, VII, (3) five pairs preclitellar nephridia, from 5/6 to 9/10, (4) dorsal vessel originating in clitellar segments, (5) a girdle-shaped clitellum, (6) a relatively small male reproductive apparatus without seminal vesicle, and (7) spermathecae that extend to VI–VII. DNA barcodes of paratype specimens of the new species are provided. Previous species records of Hemienchytraeus from China are critically discussed.

Cases of hostile absence of the uterus

The female reproductive apparatus is formed from the Mllerian ducts, which at the first time of embryonic life are corroded and run longitudinally, and then after 8-10 weeks of her, they merge in tѣhѣ mѣstakh, which are intended for the formation of the uterus and vagina, and the parts that go to the flesh for the formation remain separate.

Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution

A realistic picture of our world shows that it is heavily polluted everywhere. Coastal regions and oceans are polluted by farm fertilizer, manure runoff, sewage and industrial discharges, and large isles of waste plastic are floating around, impacting sea life. Terrestrial ecosystems are contaminated by heavy metals and organic chemicals that can be taken up by and accumulate in crop plants, and water tables are heavily contaminated by untreated industrial discharges. As deadly particulates can drift far, poor air quality has become a significant global problem and one that is not exclusive to major industrialized cities. The consequences are a dramatic impairment of our ecosystem and biodiversity and increases in degenerative or man-made diseases. In this respect, it has been demonstrated that environmental pollution impairs fertility in all mammalian species. The worst consequences are observed for females since the number of germ cells present in the ovary is fixed during fetal life, and the cells are not renewable. This means that any pollutant affecting hormonal homeostasis and/or the reproductive apparatus inevitably harms reproductive performance. This decline will have important social and economic consequences that can no longer be overlooked.

An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative)

A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.

To the question of diseases of the conusmedullaris and the sacral part of the spinal cord

The suffering of the lower spinal cord and caudae equinae have recently attracted the attention of researchers, and observations related to this issue are now carefully collected and described everywhere. Thanks to this, the range of our information has significantly expanded both 1) in relation to the determination of the level of damage, and 2) in relation to the differential diagnosis between the suffering of the spinal cord itself and damage to the corresponding roots. First of all, with regard to the first point, Raymond proposed for clinical purposes a more precise border of the cerebral cone, to which, in addition to the established anatomical boundaries, he also included the part of the medullae sacralis, which lies below the exit of the III sacral root. Damage to this part of the spinal cord is caused by a completely definite complex of symptoms, which is composed of: paralysis of the bladder and rectum, disorders in the male reproductive apparatus and limited anesthesia not only of the mucous membranes of the mentioned organs, but also of the perineum, the circumference of the ani and the lower sciatic region thigh surface.

EFFECTS OF AESTIVATION DURATION ON TESTOSTERONE, HAEMOLYMPH BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL (Archachatina marginata) DURING DRY SEASON

Aestivation is a process of metabolic inactivity under which energy reserve are manipulated for survival. Reproductive apparatus and haemolymph biochemical agents also undergo phase manipulation as the duration continues. To determine the physiological influence on key hormone of reproduction and reproductive apparatus, seventy five A. marginata snails were used for this study. The snails were divided into five treatments with fifteen replicate each. Treatment include: Zero (0) week, Three (3) weeks, Six (6) weeks, nine (9) weeks and six (6) weeks post-aestivation. Parameters measured were: Testosterone concentration, haemolymph biochemical parameters (Total protein, albumin, globulin, Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT), dimensions (length) and weight of the organs and tissues of the reproductive tracts (Ovo-testis, penis, vaginal, oviduct, little hermaphrodite duct, common hermaphrodite duct, vas deferens and albumen gland) gonado-somatic index and percentage mortality. Result showed that level of testosterone at three and six weeks of aestivation significantly reduced compared to the control. Also, at nine weeks of aestivation, the reduction was significantly greater than what was recorded at both three and six weeks of aestivation. But the testosterone levels were reversed at nine weeks post aestivation. Total protein and globulin were significantly influenced with both reaching a peak value at 9 weeks of aestivation while ALT, AST and albumin were not significantly affected. So also, of all the reproductive tract parts measured, organ weight, ovo-testis weight, penis weight and length were significantly influenced (P<0.001; P<0.001; P<0.05; P<0.001). Similarly, vaginal weight, oviduct weight, little hermaphrodite duct weight and length were also significantly affected together with vas deferens length and albumen gland length while aestivation duration had no significant influence on reproductive tract weight, ovo-testis length, vaginal length, oviduct length, little hermaphrodite duct length, vas deferens weight and albumen gland weight. Similarly, gonado-somatic index was also not significantly affected by aestivation duration. It was also obvious from this study that the highest mortality was recorded at 6 weeks of aestivation, followed by 9 weeks of aestivation while 3weeks and 6 weeks post-aestivation had the least mortality with the control intact. In conclusion, it is clear from this study that aestivation duration significantly influenced testosterone concentration, haemolymph biochemical parameters and some selected reproductive apparatus of A. marginata.

Fifty gluttonies

From July 1888 to April 1891, the author performed 50 celiac cuts, mainly for diseases of the female reproductive apparatus. Of these, 29 were made due to tumors of the ovaries and uterus, 13 - due to inflammatory changes in the ovaries and tubes, 2 - with an ectopic pregnancy, 1 - with an abdominal cyst (without communication with the genitals), 1 - with renal sarcoma, 1 - with sarcoma small intestine and 3 - with neoplasms of the peritoneum.