Four-Wave Mixing Effect and Its Security Implications on a WDM System

The data yearning of the world is expanding massively with time and it is convincing media transmission organizations tomount up procedures to satisfy the high information need just as giving a proficient support. During the exponentialdevelopment of data hungry clients, media transmission organizations fantasize about giving nature of administrations ata lower cost to their clients to endure the challenge in the market. Transmitting products of signs through a solitary directin perspective on serving a huge number of clients all the while by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is theappropriate response. Four-wave multiplexing (FWM) is the optical sign float from one channel to the next. This impacthas the inclination of forcing a danger on the fiber correspondence organize consequently undermining the security andsecrecy of the data sent by the clients. In this work, FWM impact and its security issues are broken down. The differentTangle lab reenactment consequences of this FPM is contemplated utilizing optical. Citation: Anita Antwiwaa, Seth Okyere-Dankwa, Mensah Sitti and Anil Kumar, Four-Wave Mixing Effect and Its SecurityImplications on a WDM System, 2020; 5(4): 1－11. Received: October 3, 2020Accepted: December 31, 2020

Modus Barbara: logical-phenomenological experiment of the explanation of the emoji language

In the paper the sign of the emoji language is investigated through the logical-linguistic lense. The authors conclude that the explanation of the content plane and expression plane of an optical sign (and therefore a non-linear one), due to the bilaterality of its structure, is inexhaustible, since the optics of emoji include psychophysiological factors that appeal to the linguistic and extralinguistic elements of the formation of the signs. Consequently, the substrate for the investigation of the emoji sign is nominated as polyilaterality. The latter allows the synthesis of the structural (logical) level and the conceptual (phenomenological) level of the explanation of the sign, because the content plane and the expression plane of the optical sign is both in its form and in the semantic load. The study focuses on an empirical experiment initiated by the authors: a survey created on the basis of a Google Forms "Emoji Association", containing 147 perceptions and interpretations of emoji signs. The experiment is tested through G. Frege's semantic triangle, which schematically demonstrates a bilateral approach to the word content plane, depending on both the abstract denotation (proper word) and the specific meaning (word meaning). With an emphasis on polyilaterality and its verification, hypothetical-deductive syllogisms are created (in particular, according to the sign investigated in the paper, a syllogism is created in the modus of the first Barbara figure, AAA), which includes interpretive-lexemes, which, according to the digital analysis of the responses using the Voyant Tools web application, are more common in frequency. Therefore, the authors approbate the verification of the meaning of the emoji sign using such science as logic, which visualizes the denotation and individual interpretations of the sign in the true-false dichotomy. According to the results of the experimental logical-linguistic approach to the investigation of the emoji sign, it is concluded that the logical tools used in the article disclose the fractalization of the forms of the agrammatism of the emoji sign with their verbal versions of the formants with subsequent verification of both.

Optical wireless systems with ASK & PSK using coupler-based delay line filter

In free space optics (FSO) optics, the tweaked optical sign is transmitted at different climate conditions like day off, Mist, and Haze, which is a new paragon to the field of optical communication. Further to realize the same, the present research analyzes the framework performance by executing two adjustment strategies amplitude shift keying (ASK) and Phase shift keying (PSK). Moreover, article investigates the performance of applied modulation-based free space optic system using a coupler-based delay line filter. Aside this, the recreation results are examined and natter about the dependent of quality factor, bit error rate (BER), and eye outline of various FSO parameters pertaining to the same. The outcomes of the research bestow on the recreation results acquired for quality factor and BER against various conditions with respect to the both adjustment techniques and PSK offers better execution.

Laser Conoscopy of Optically Active Crystals

The article discusses a laser conoscopic method for studying optically active crystals in order to determine such optical characteristics as the sign of rotation of the polarization plane and the optical sign of an optically active crystal from its interference conoscopic pattern obtained with circularly polarized radiation. Such a conoscopic pattern in the form of two spirals inserted into each other allows one to simultaneously and reliably determine the indicated characteristics by the orientation of the spirals and the direction of their twisting for an optically active crystal.

Analysis of the Optical Properties of Medieval Enamel

The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in the optical properties of samples of intact, abraded, and reduced enamel. The optical properties of medieval enamel were compared to the results obtained from studies of enamel of contemporary populations in order to investigate the structural changes of enamel due to the effect of diagenesis (destructive changes, which affect interred bone). Reduced enamel (artificially removed superficial layer of the enamel) was used as a comparative sample for the study of abraded enamel. The dental material was obtained from the medieval cemetery of Stara Torina located in northern Serbia. Micro-morphological analysis was conducted using a polarized light microscope. Based on the results, we can demonstrate that 1) the birefringence value of the mature medieval enamel sample ranges from 0.3 to 0.4, which means that medieval enamel has retained its optical properties, although some changes in the inorganic components were found; 2) the matrure intact enamel and abraded enamel have a negative optical sign, which is the same as that found in immature enamel; and 3) the mature reduced enamel changes its optical sign due to the phenomena of bending of the surface enamel prisms from 0.7 mm to 0.9 mm. This change of the optical sign results from a rise in temperature during the reduction process and from a diffusion of "non-oriented" molecules. The increased pressure on the enamel during the reduction process causes the bending of the surface part of the enamel prisms. The presence of the pigmentation and carious changes in the abraded enamel and ground enamel also indicated the process of diffusion of different molecules, which occurred while the enamel was buried in the soil, as well as during the lifetime of the individual.

Crystal growth of Ru-doped congruent LiNbO3and investigation of crystalline perfection and optical properties

Single crystals of undoped and Ru-doped congruent LiNbO3(LN) were successfully grown by the Czochralski method. The axial and radial gradient of the radio frequency furnace was controlled in order to obtain crack-free single crystals. Wafers were cut from the grown Ru-doped single crystal at different axial positions along the growth direction and subjected to various characterization analyses. Good optical homogeneity and low residual strain in the grown crystal is confirmed by the conoscopy patterns. Further, it is confirmed that Ru doping does not influence the optical sign of the crystal. From a high-resolution X-ray diffractometry analysis, it is evident that the as-grown undoped LN crystal exhibited better crystalline perfection with a single and sharp diffraction curve in comparison to the Ru-doped crystals, which are characterized by a broader diffraction curve. Absorption coefficient and band-gap analysis across the axial length revealed a concentration variation of Ru across the length. Refractive index measurements carried out using a prism coupler showed variation in the optical birefringence, also due to the variation of Ru concentration at different positions of the grown single crystal.

Determination of the optical sign of a crystal by a conoscopic method

To determine the optical sign of an investigated crystal plate, a conoscopic pattern of the latter is changed in an optical system without a polarizing microscope. To change the conoscopic pattern, an auxiliary plane-parallel crystal plate of arbitrary thickness and known optical sign is used. Such a plate, which is either capable of rotation about its vertical axis or fixed at a small angle to the investigated plate, is introduced into the optical system. Upon rotation of the auxiliary crystal plate, isochromatic rings on the conoscopic pattern are offset. Based on the direction of the offset from the centre of the pattern, a conclusion is drawn about the optical sign of the investigated crystal plate. When the auxiliary crystal plate is fixed at a small angle to the investigated plate, either two or three conoscopic patterns are observed on the screen. The optical sign of the investigated crystal plate is determined by the number of conoscopic patterns on the screen. If there are three patterns, then the optical signs of the auxiliary and the investigated plates are the same. If there are two patterns, then the optical signs of the auxiliary and the investigated plates are opposite.