Abstract
Background: Polyembryony, when several embryos are clonally produced from a single egg, is found in humans, armadillo, and some endoparasitoid insects. Thus, although polyembryony is conserved through insects to mammals, the polyembryogenesis progress remains obscure in these animals. The polyembryonic parasitoid wasp Copidosoma floridanum oviposits its egg into the host insect egg, and, eventually, >2000 individuals occur from one egg. We reported previously that polyembryogenesis was enhanced by juvenile hormone (JH) treatment under the culture condition. Hence, we performed RNA-Seq analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms in controlling polyembryogenesis using C. floridanum. Nevertheless, C. floridanum genes do not have a functional gene annotation because of partial whole-genome sequence elucidation. Hence, we constructed a gene functional annotation pipeline for C. floridanum and performed a molecular network analysis in C. floridanum.
Results: We extracted fluctuated genes from control and JH treatment molura after 48-h culture to assess molecular mechanisms in polyembryogenesis. Consequently, we obtained 11,117 transcripts and 217 differentially expressed genes in the JH treatment group compared with the control group. Whereas, we used the blastp program to assign whole C. floridanum transcripts to human gene. Remarkably, 76% of C. floridanum transcripts were assigned to human genes. Moreover, we determined platelet degranulation and fatty acid biosynthetic process, suppressing cell morphogenesis involved in the differentiation and integrin signaling pathway by the gene enrichment analysis in the JH treatment group compared with the control group. Furthermore, we noted that molecular interaction possibly associated with polyembryogenesis using Cytoscape.
Conclusions: In this study, we constructed C. floridanum gene functional annotation pipeline and C. floridanum transcripts shared with homology to human genes during early embryo developmental stage. Additionally, this study establishes new molecular interactions associated with polyembryogenesis; these molecules could elucidate molecular mechanism in polyembryony, suggesting a possibility of using the molecular interaction in twinning of humans.