A scheduling and control integration optimization method for regenerative braking energy utilization

The utilization of regenerative braking energy is of great significance to the energy saving of subway. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization method for scheduling and control integration, which not only adjusts the timetable but also optimizes the speed curves of trains. When there is a train braking, this method will try to find a train that accelerates to absorb the regenerative energy generated by the braking train. Firstly, this paper establishes the timetable energy saving optimization model, based on which the speed curves will be optimized. Furthermore, we design a scheduling optimization algorithm based on genetic algorithm, and optimizes speed curves of trains by binary search method to obtain a good solution. Finally, simulations are given using the real data of Beijing Metro Line 4 to evaluate the proposed method, and the results show that the integrated scheduling and control optimization method can reduce energy consumption by 15.18%. In the random disturbance simulations, the proposed method shows good robustness, which makes it possible to apply this method to the real subway operations.

19. Hiring Staff and Establishing the Contract of Employment

This chapter discusses how employment relations affect all business organizations and why it is especially important to identify the status of individuals engaged in employment. It begins by considering the regulation of the employment relationship and identifies the tests to establish the employment status of individuals, as well as the reasons behind the significance of the distinction between an employee and independent contractor. The three common law tests that have been used to determine employee status—control, integration, and mixed or economic reality—are identified, and how it is most appropriate, in applying the tests, to begin with those established in Montgomery v Johnson Underwood, and then proceed to the final question in Ready Mixed Concrete. The chapter also identifies the terms implied into contracts of employment and the obligations these place on the involved parties.

FORTE 2.0: a fast, parallel and flexible coupled climate model

FORTE 2.0 is an intermediate resolution coupled Ocean Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AOGCM) consisting of IGCM4, a T42 spectral atmosphere with 35 σ layers, coupled to MOMA, a 2° × 2° ocean with 15 z layer depth levels. It is capable of producing a stable climate for long integrations without the need for flux adjustments. One flexibility afforded by the IGCM4 atmosphere is the ability to configure the atmosphere with either 35 σ layers (troposphere and stratosphere) or 20 σ layers (troposphere only). This enables experimental designs for exploring the roles of the troposphere and stratosphere, and the faster integration of the 20 σ layer configuration enables longer duration studies on modest hardware. A description of FORTE 2.0 is given, followed by analysis of a 2000 year long control integration.