ANIMALISTIC CULTURAL CODE ACTUALIZATION IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY

This article presents the analysis of the actualization of animalistic code in Russian and English idioms. Idioms provide extremely interesting and diverse material for research in such fields as ethnolinguistics, contrastive phraseology, cultural linguistics, intercultural communication. Zoomorphic or animalistic cultural code is the complex of notions of the animal world, nominathemes of animals and other living creatures, representing them as a whole or as their parts, and the specific characteristics which complement their natural features by functionally significant cultural meanings. The article proposes a method of linguocultorological analysis of phraseological units containing animalisms. This method was used to examine idioms with 2 zoonym components 1) bull and 2) duck selected from dictionaries, internet resources and corpora. Three idioms including each component were found in 450 contexts. The analysis of idioms including first component showed a complete match of meaning and partial match of form for the first idiom, a complete match of both meaning and form for the second idiom and a complete match of meaning and a total mismatch of form for the third idiom. 2 out of 3 idioms with the second component demonstrated a complete match of meaning and form, while one of them was characterized by only partial match of meaning and a total mismatch of form.

Exploration of Learning Service Discovery Algorithm based on Ontology

To study the learning service discovery algorithm based on ontology, the introduction of bipartite graph theory is focused on. Based on the undergraduate technology, a learning service discovery algorithm based on the basic bipartite graph theory (eLSDA-BG) is proposed. The algorithm mainly converts the problem of learning service match into the optimal complete match problem of bipartite graphs. Through the optimal complete match problem, the learning service match is realized and the learning service discovery is finally reached. The eLSDA-BG algorithm is compared with the greedy algorithm, the UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) algorithm, and OWL-S (Web Ontology Language for Service) algorithm. The comparison of results shows that the eLSDA-BG algorithm proposed can improve recall ratio, accuracy rate and efficiency of learning service discovery in situation of certain sample size.

Development of a web-extension for authentication of online hadith texts

Background and objective: With the widespread internet availability, now-a-days Hadith texts which are essential sources of Islamic knowledge appear on many websites. In this paper, a client-based web-extension program that can authenticate online Hadith texts from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim is presented.Materials and Methods: First, the program reads the content of the specific browsed website and identifies Arabic language only. Then this Arabic text is screened to verify whether this contains any Hadith text by comparing with the authentic source. If complete match occurs in comparison, then the text is marked with green color proving the text as authentic. If some words/letters are missing, then the text will be marked with red color indicating that the Hadith is unauthentic and requires to be verified.Results: Using this web-extension, the authenticity of Hadith from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim can be verified simply by clicking a button of the web-extension. If the Hadith is unauthentic, it will display the authentic version of Hadith just by moving the mouse over the unauthentic text. Conclusion: This application will create Islamic consciousness for ordinary people. The application will also benefit government agencies of Islamic affairs, Hadith printing centers, etc.

REFLECTION OF LINGUISTIC PLURALISM IN PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

The paper consists of two parts. The first part presents the overview of scientific pluralism as a phenomenon that pertains any type of science, which has held a certain way of formation and development over the years. The «pros» and «cons» of pluralism are considered. «Pros» include the possibility of expanding the research area by introducing the new language material, and through the usage of non-traditional approaches to the research object; «cons» include the low level of reasoning observed in some cases when forming new concepts. Reductionism opposes pluralism. It appears with the absolutization of a single or authors’ approaches to the research object. The second part covers the analysis of the following foreign and Russian phonological concepts: descriptive American phonology, two varieties of generative phonology –standard generative phonology and natural generative phonology, the phonological concept of Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Moscow and Leningrad phonological schools, the concept of «late» Ruben Avanesov, phonological concept of Sebastian Shaumyan. Theoretical contribution of each concept along with the possibility of its pragmatic applicability is estimated. Concepts are compared firstly, according to the reflection of sound acoustic-articulatory characteristics in the phoneme (phoneme-sound correlation principle); secondly, according to the phonemic structure in paradigmatics and syntagmatics. The absence of complete match of these parameters in concepts indicates the manifestation of pluralism in the area of phonological research.

Implementation

Compared with ordinary humans, it is much easier to directly read the internal state of an em mind. This should allow some types of “mindreading.” Consider taking two ems and trying to match parts in one of them to parts in the other, to say which parts are the “same.” during the early opaque em era it will usually not be possible to make a complete match. Even so, some parts could be matched, such as the parts that receive initial inputs from eyes and ears. For matched parts, it should be possible to put the parts of one emulation into the same brain activation state as that of the matching parts in another emulation. So, for example, one might force an emulation to see and hear exactly what another emulation sees and hears. More parts can be matched for emulations of the same original human, especially if they have diverged for a shorter subjective time. Such more closely matched emulations could thus be arranged to more fully “read” each other’s minds. Mild mindreading might be used to allow ems to better intuit and share their reaction to a particular topic or person. For example, a group of ems might all try to think at the same time about a particular person, say “George.” Then their brain states in the region of their minds associated with this thought might be weakly driven toward the average state of this group. In this way this group might come to intuitively feel how the group feels on average about George. Of course this should work better for closer copies, and after this exercise participating individuals might still return to something close to their previous opinions of George. Even when minds cannot be matched part for part, statistical analysis of how activation in different parts and situations correlates with actions and stated feelings should allow cheap partial mindreading, at least for some shallow “surface” aspects of emulation minds. Both of these types of mindreading require access to the internal state of an emulation process. Those not granted such access have an even weaker ability to read minds than do humans today. Today, humans routinely leak many features of their brain states via tone of voice, gaze, facial expressions, muscle vibrations, etc.

Lexical encoding of L2 tones: The role of L1 stress, pitch accent and intonation

Native language prosodic structure is known to modulate the processing of non-native suprasegmental information. It has been shown that native speakers of French, a language without lexical stress, have difficulties storing non-native stress contrasts. We investigated whether the ability to store lexical tone (as in Mandarin Chinese) also depends on the first language (L1) prosodic structure and, if so, how. We tested participants from a stress language (German), a language without word stress (French), a language with restricted lexical tonal contrasts (Japanese), and Mandarin Chinese controls. Furthermore, German has a rich intonational structure, while French and Japanese dispose of fewer utterance-level pitch contrasts. The participants learnt associations between disyllabic non-words (4 tonal contrasts) and objects and indicated whether picture–word pairs matched with what they had learnt (complete match, segmental or tonal mismatch conditions). In the tonal mismatch condition, the Mandarin Chinese controls had the highest sensitivity, followed by the German participants. The French and Japanese participants showed no sensitivity towards these tonal contrasts. Utterance-level prosody is hence better able to predict success in second language (L2) tone learning than word prosody.

Effect of Ambient Illuminant on Surface Colour Constancy

Generally, we are completely enclosed in a real environment, which may act as an entire view-field or adapting field. But in most studies on colour constancy experiments have been made with spatially restricted stimuli. We built a room with gray (N5) walls inside to measure the effect of ambient illuminant on colour constancy. The room illuminant could change its colour from white (D65) to either blue, orange, green, or purple. The observer sat in this main room and adapted to the illuminant for 5 min before the start of the experiment. The observer was shown a smaller room, which had the same variable-colour illuminant, through an aperture (11 deg × 8 deg) in the left side wall. We set the illuminant for each room independently, but in asymmetric illuminant-colour conditions either was set to white. The observer viewed the central part of a colour CRT monitor, placed behind a small aperture (5 deg × 5 deg) in the front wall, and matched its colour appearance to four OSA colour chips in the smaller room. Under symmetric illuminant conditions, eg blue vs blue, the observers' settings showed a complete match with the physical chromaticities of the colour chips. In asymmetric illuminant conditions, eg white vs blue, matched colours showed systematic deviations from both physical chromaticities and colour constancy. This implies that taking the ambient illuminant as adapting field did not yield perfect colour constancy. We introduce a simple model based on incomplete adaptation to the ambient illuminant and a spatial-interaction mechanism, which accounts for our results.

Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes mouse fibroblast tropomyosin isoform 2

We isolated and characterized a cDNA clone encoding tropomyosin isoform 2 (TM2) from a mouse fibroblast cDNA library. TM2 was found to contain 284 amino acids and was closely related to the rat smooth and skeletal muscle alpha-TMs and the human fibroblast TM3. The amino acid sequence of TM2 showed a nearly complete match with that of human fibroblast TM3 except for the region from amino acids 189 to 213, the sequence of which was identical to those of rat smooth and skeletal muscle alpha-TMs. These results suggest that TM2 is expressed from the same gene that encodes the smooth muscle alpha-TM, the skeletal muscle alpha-TM, and TM3 via an alternative RNA-splicing mechanism. Comparison of the expression of TM2 mRNA in low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma P29 cells and high-metastatic D6 cells revealed that it was significantly less in D6 cells than in P29 cells, supporting our previous observations (K. Takenaga, Y. Nakamura, and S. Sakiyama, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3934-3937, 1988) at the protein level.

Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes mouse fibroblast tropomyosin isoform 2.

We isolated and characterized a cDNA clone encoding tropomyosin isoform 2 (TM2) from a mouse fibroblast cDNA library. TM2 was found to contain 284 amino acids and was closely related to the rat smooth and skeletal muscle alpha-TMs and the human fibroblast TM3. The amino acid sequence of TM2 showed a nearly complete match with that of human fibroblast TM3 except for the region from amino acids 189 to 213, the sequence of which was identical to those of rat smooth and skeletal muscle alpha-TMs. These results suggest that TM2 is expressed from the same gene that encodes the smooth muscle alpha-TM, the skeletal muscle alpha-TM, and TM3 via an alternative RNA-splicing mechanism. Comparison of the expression of TM2 mRNA in low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma P29 cells and high-metastatic D6 cells revealed that it was significantly less in D6 cells than in P29 cells, supporting our previous observations (K. Takenaga, Y. Nakamura, and S. Sakiyama, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3934-3937, 1988) at the protein level.