Technological, Sensory, and Hypoglycemic Effects of Quinoa Flour Incorporation into Biscuits

Background. Biscuits are consumed by all of society in the world. Incorporation of different ratios of quinoa flour into wheat flour for the production of biscuits is needed for the production of functional foods. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the incorporation of 12.5% or 25% quinoa flour into biscuit production, evaluate rheological and sensory characteristics, and investigate the effect of the consumption of 20% cooked biscuits on diabetic rats. Design. The gross chemical composition, total carotenoids, phenolic and flavonoids of wheat flour and quinoa flour, and the rheological properties of the control, 12.5% quinoa, and 25% quinoa biscuit dough were determined. The effects of consumption of 12.5% quinoa and 25% quinoa biscuits on diabetic rats were investigated. Results. Quinoa flour had significantly higher levels of the gross chemical composition except for carbohydrate and increased phenolic compound and flavonoids content than those in wheat flour. Increasing the amount of quinoa flour in the biscuits could increase the farinograph and extensograph values of the dough. Biological results showed that the highest improvement in nutritional values appeared in the diabetic rat group, which consumed 25% quinoa biscuit for 60 days. The consumption of 12.5% quinoa biscuit and 25% quinoa biscuit showed a decline in blood glycosylated hemoglobin and glucose and an elevation in insulin levels compared with the positive control diabetic rat group. Discussion and Conclusion. It is encouraging to replace wheat flour with quinoa flour in biscuit manufacturing owing to positive effects on both the technological properties and sensory evaluation of biscuits. The increase of quinoa flour up to 25% had favorable nutritional values and hypoglycemic effects.

Gross chemical composition of dark gray podzolized soils of Small Polissya and its transformation caused by human impact

Dark gray podzolized soils (Phaeozems Albic (PHad), WRB, 1998) are typical for the natural area of Pasmove Pobuzhia physiographic oblast of the Small Polissya. The investigation of the transformation of the gross chemical composition of dark gray podzolized soils of Small Polissya due to erosion processes conducted for the first time, confirming the relevance of the research. Standard methods of research were used in the investigation of the gross chemical composition of dark gray podzolized soils. The research results have been worked out according to the methodology of Y. Arynushkina and N. Myakina. According to the research, SiO2 dominated in all genetic soil horizons. Its content in the humus-accumulative horizon is 82.06 % by weight of calcined soil, decreasing to 74.45 % in soil rock. Different distribution of silica in the soil profile indicates the poor process of podzolic soil development. Among oxides in the soil profile dominates Al2O3, it contents in the humus-accumulative horizon is 8,10 %. A slight accumulation of Aluminium oxides was found in horizon confirming weak profile differentiation by eluvial-alluvial type. Content of Fe2O3 oxides in the soil profile is low variadic in the arable layer and the content is 2.30 %. Oxides of CaO content ranges from 0,75 % in the horizon He to 6,17 % in soil rock, and the content of oxides MgO, respectively, from 0.65 % to 1.06 %. Gross content of iron oxides, titanium, manganese, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur in the soil genetic horizons ranges from 0,04 % to 2,39 %. The estimated ratio between the major oxides and their profile distribution also confirm weak profile differentiation of dark gray podzolized soils. The content of the constitutional water of humus He horizon of dark gray podzolized soils is 1.57 %. Increase of constitutional water in the middle of the profile may be caused by increasing of internally soil deflation processes. This is also confirmed by the growth of silica coefficient changes of the soil at the same depth. In eroded dark gray podzolized soils of the arable layer the content of SiO2 is decreasing, reaching values of 79,63–80,84 % in strongly eroded. The content of other oxides tends to increase as well as decrease comparing to non-eroded soil. The correlation between wash out level and molar magnitude ratios The correlation between wash out level and molar magnitude ratios is being observed in eroded soils. With erodation increase the ratio of SiO2: Al2O3 and SiO2: R2O3 is being narrowed, which indicates accumulation in arable horizons of aluminium, including oxides in general, compared with non-eroded types. The content of the constitutional water increases and expands the coefficient of the silica changes, indicating the strengthening of internally soil deflation processes in the arable layer of erosion-degraded dark gray podzolized soils compared to non-eroded types. Key words: dark gray podzolized soils, gross chemical composition, oxides, degradation.

Gross chemical composition of peat soils of Small Polissya

The research results of gross chemical composition of peat soils and pyrogenic formations are shown. It was established that oxides of silicon, calcium, iron, aluminium and others are dominated in mineral composition of the ash peat soils. Change in gross chemical composition of peat horizons within the profile depending on soil-forming rocks is shown. It is characterized the chemical composition of genetic horizons of pyrogenic modified peat soils and changes during the first years of postpirogenic period. Key words: gross chemical composition, peat soils, pyrogenic modified peat soils, loss on ignition, chemical components of mineral soil.