Systematic Review of Socio-Emotional Values Within Organizations

The theory of separation assumes, with provocation, that an organization cannot reconcile profits and social function. Organizations can reconcile these two, apparently contrasting, missions, by considering emotions, especially moral emotions, to create a genuine motivation for focusing on goals beyond simple economic earnings and protecting organizations or groups of people from dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors, as well as considering the important role of the stakeholder accountability. Using the PRISMA method, we created a review of records using keywords relating to a socio-emotional value within organizations, with a particular focus on the last 20 years. We used the SCOPUS database and, after removing irrelevant records, we used the VOSviewer tool to create a cluster map of different areas in this topic. Some records cite the socio-emotional value that is related to organizational and employee suffering, while other articles consider it a positive factor that improves performance and prevents problems in organizations.

SIMPLE AND HIGHLY SELECTIVE DIRECT STABILITY INDICATING ULTRAVIOLET AND INDIRECT VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF ENROFLOXACIN IN PHARMACEUTICALS

Three simple, economic, selective and accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are developed for determination of enrofloxacin (EFX) in pharmaceuticals. Method A is based on the measurement of absorbance of EFX in 0.1M HOAc at 315 nm. The ketoxime formation reaction has been employed in method B, in which the absorbance measurement of EFX oxime product at 275 nm is described. The third method (Method C) is indirect one and is based on the oxidation of EFX by cerium(IV), reaction of unreacted cerium(IV) with p-toludine (p-TD) and measurement of coloured solution at 540 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges of 1.2–24, 1–8, and 1–20 μg/mL EFX in methods A, B, and C, respectively, with the corresponding molar extinction coefficients of 1.52×104, 3.86×104, and 6.6×103 L/mol/cm. The regression coefficients of calibration lines are 0.9996, 0.9913, and –0.9965, in methods A, B, and C, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported for each method. The methods have been validated to check accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness. The application of the methods proposed to determine EFX in tablets has been described and the results have been compared with a standard method. The results of validation and application have been found to be with excellent agreement. The standard addition procedure has been adopted in recovery experiments to further ascertain the accuracy of the methods and the results of the experiments are well satisfied. The stability indicating ability of Method A has been studied by subjecting EFX to acid and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative, thermal and UV degradation followed by measurement of absorbance of resultant EFX solutions at 315 nm. The results of degradation study indicated unsusceptible nature of EFX to any of the stress conditions.

South Africa’s Post-apartheid ECONOMIC Development Trajectory

South Africa’s economic and social development trajectory in the post-apartheid period remains a controversial subject, notwithstanding the extensive literature that has developed. This chapter covers the full spectrum of this debate, but importantly also offers new insights and analysis of the issues. The literature is vast. At one extreme, views from the far left argue that the African National Congress (ANC) has essentially ‘sold out’ and followed uncritically a neo-liberal growth path, to defenders of the ANC’s policies from active participants in the process at the other extreme. Between these two views, there are a number of significant contributions. This chapter reviews the history and contestation of economic policy in South Africa and offers some explanations for why the country’s economic progress has been so uneven. It argues that chronic economic underperformance is the result of two persistent problems in the political-economic structure of South Africa. The first is the failure of politicians and policymakers to account for the limits of South African state capacity to implement even simple economic reforms; post-apartheid economic policymaking is characterized by an assumption that the South African state is able to carry out complex economic coordination and effect reforms. Second, the impasse is really a political one caused by ideological contestation within the ANC which has no mechanism to resolve the impasse.

TAIL BEHAVIOR OF STOPPED LÉVY PROCESSES WITH MARKOV MODULATION

This article concerns the tail probabilities of a light-tailed Markov-modulated Lévy process stopped at a state-dependent Poisson rate. The tails are shown to decay exponentially at rates given by the unique positive and negative roots of the spectral abscissa of a certain matrix-valued function. We illustrate the use of our results with an application to the stationary distribution of wealth in a simple economic model in which agents with constant absolute risk aversion are subject to random mortality and income fluctuation.

Even in Simple Economic Systems, Equilibrium Can Be Non-Unique: An Example

According to economics, prices are determined by the relationship between supply and demand: they correspond to the equilibrium in which supply is exactly equal to the demand, i.e., for which the optimal amount that the seller is willing to sell at this price is exactly equal to the optimal amount that the buyer is willing to pay. In many situations, the corresponding prices are indeed uniquely determines by the supply-demand relation. From the purely mathematical viewpoint, there are situations when the equilibrium is not unique, but most economists believe that in practical situations, equilibrium prices are usually uniquely determined. In this paper, we provide a simple but realistic example in which the equilibrium is not unique.

Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape).

O. cernua is an obligatory, non-photosynthetic root parasite which is native over a wide range across northeast Africa, southern Europe and western and southern Asia. In many of these areas it is a serious pest of Solanaceaeous crops such as Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and S. melongena (aubergine) and occasionally S. tuberosum (potato). Species of Orobanche depend totally on their hosts for all nutrition and become an active sink for the host plant. This therefore results in a decrease in crop yield and as a result can have a major impact on the economy and livelihoods. Once established, the seed bank may last 10-20 years and there are no simple, economic control measures. Seeds of O. cernua are very small and inconspicuous and can be accidentally introduced into new areas as a contaminant of soil, seeds and machinery. There is potential for this species to invade many other areas of the world.

Antibody Tests: They Are More Important Than We Thought

Antibody testing is a non-pharmaceutical intervention – not recognized so far in the literature – to prevent COVID-19 contagion. I show this in a simple economic model of an epidemic in which agents choose social activity under health state uncertainty. In the model, susceptible and asymptomatic agents are more socially active when they think they might be immune. And this increased activity escalates infections, deaths, and welfare losses. Antibody testing, however, prevents this escalation by revealing that those agents are not immune. Through this mechanism, I find that antibody testing prevents about 12% of COVID-19 related deaths within 12 months.

The Proper Scope of Behavioural Law and Economics

Behavioural law and economics applies the conceptual tools of behavioural economics to the analysis of legal problems and legal intervention. These models, and the experiments to test them, assume an institution-free state of nature. In modern societies, the law’s subjects never see this state of nature. However, a rich arrangement of informal and formal institutions creates generalised trust. If individuals are sufficiently confident that nothing too detrimental will happen, they are freed up to interact with strangers as if they were in a state of nature. This willingness dramatically reduces transaction cost and enables division of labour. If generalised trust can be assumed, simple economic models are appropriate, but they must be behavioural, since otherwise individuals would not want to run the risk of interaction.