The Eurasian agricultural complex: capacity, results, trade, forecast of prospects

The article examines the problems of the development of the Eurasian agro-food complex: potential, current state and prospects. The article analyzes the problem of self – sufficiency in food, taking into account mutual trade and the possibility of concentrating the efforts of the EAEU member states on an innovative breakthrough in agriculture in order to increase exports and its share in world trade, an adequately available area of farmland.

Methods of subsurface microwave tomography with application of sensors based on pieces of twin-wire line.

In this paper, methods of near-field microwave tomography of the subsurface structure of dielectric inhomogeneities are proposed and studied based on the use of resonance probes with pieces of twin-wire lines as sensors. In frameworks of the quasi-static approximation, the integral equation of the inverse problem that relates measured variations of the complex capacity of the resonance system of probes placed above a medium with the inhomogeneous distribution of the complex permittivity. Based on this equation, methods and algorithms of tomography and holography have been proposed and worked out that used data of 2D scanning with variable offset between the sensor wires: (a) with the fixed direction of wires of sensor; (b) in two orthogonally related directions of sensor wires; (c) with the sensor of crossed twin-wire lines. Results of the numerical simulation demonstrate the efficiency of developed algorithms of subsurface tomography and holography.

The Anarchical Society and a Global Political Economy

If Hedley Bull came back today and revised his most famous book, he would likely devote a chapter to the economic forces that transformed our world during the past four decades. Among other systemic changes, the radical unleashing of finance and the partial return of a pre-1914 economic ideology justifying open and integrating capital markets might surprise an advocate of the virtues of the states system. But by following Bull’s reasoning, his model of empirical observation, and his underlying moral sensibilities—as well as suggestions from his constructive critics—this essay traces the emergence since the late 1970s of a variegated global capacity to assess systemic financial risks, design collaborative policies to prevent systemic crises, and manage them when they nevertheless occur. The challenge of deeply legitimating that nuanced and complex capacity remains, which, as Bull anticipated, means that considerations of justice must soon be addressed.

THE INFLUENCE OF MULTI-YEAR ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILISATION ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LESSIVE SOIL

<p>In a multi-year field fertilisation experiment the effects of organic and mineral fertilisers on the physicochemical properties of lessive soil were compared. Manure, two doses of slurry and mineral fertilisers were applied to soil farmed in an eight-field crop rotation. Dose 1 of slurry, manure and mineral fertiliser were applied in doses balanced with nitrogen. Dose II of slurry was determined so that the amount of organic carbon introduced along with it was the same as in the dose of manure. To the experimental facilities with manure and slurry, additional fertilisation with phosphorus and potassium was applied. Following 36 years of annual fertilisation, samples of soil were taken from the 0-25 cm layer, determining the amount of organic carbon and the sorption properties of the soil. It was determined that as a result of applying organic fertilisers, the amount of organic carbon, sorption complex capacity and basic cation content increased whereas hydrolytic acidity decreased. Manure was found to have the most beneficial effect, which was matched by neither dose I nor II of slurry. Additional phosphorus-potassium fertilisation of soil with manure and slurry positively influenced the sum of bases and the total sorption capacity of the soil. Mineral NPK fertilisation led to the decrease in the saturation of bases of the sorption complex and the increase in hydrolytic acidity.</p><p> </p><p>W wieloletnim polowym doświadczeniu nawozowym porównano działanie nawozów naturalnych i mineralnych na właściwości fizykochemiczne gleby płowej. Pod rośliny uprawiane w 8-polowym zmianowaniu stosowano obornik, gnojowicę w dwóch dawkach i nawozy mineralne. Gnojowicę w dawce I, obornik i nawożenie mineralne stosowano w dawkach zrównoważonych azotem. Wielkość dawki II gnojowicy określono tak, by ilość wprowadzanego z nią węgla organicznego była taka sama jak w dawce obornika. W obiektach z obornikiem i gnojowicą stosowano dodatkowe nawożenie fosforem i potasem. Po 36 latach corocznego nawożenia pobrano próbki gleby z warstwy 0-25 cm i oznaczono zawartość węgla organicznego oraz właściwości sorpcyjne gleby. Stwierdzono, że w wyniku stosowania nawozów organicznych wzrosła zawartość węgla organicznego, pojemność kompleksu sorpcyjnego i zawartość kationów zasadowych, a zmalała kwasowość hydrolityczna. Najkorzystniej na badane właściwości gleby działał obornik, któremu ustępowała gnojowica w dawce II i gnojowica w dawce I. Dodatkowe nawożenie fosforowo-potasowe w obiektach z obornikiem i gnojowicą działało korzystnie na sumę zasad i całkowitą pojemność sorpcyjną gleby Nawożenie mineralne NPK spowodowało zmniejszenie wysycenia kompleksu sorpcyjnego zasadami i wzrost kwasowości hydrolitycznej.<br /><br /></p>

Comparison of Capacity Models for Two-Lane Roundabouts

Multilane roundabout capacity models are presented and contrasted in the context of a case study. A two-lane roundabout in Copenhagen, Denmark, was investigated, and data were collected that enable the estimation of critical gaps, follow-on times, entry capacity, and delay. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the need for more complex capacity models than currently exist in order to properly represent driver gap-acceptance behavior at multilane roundabouts. The complexity arises when drivers are assumed to simultaneously accept pairs of critical gaps in the outer and inner circulating lanes before they enter the roundabout. This approach requires that circulating-lane headways and critical gaps be evaluated independently and not be superposed in a single traffic stream as most current capacity guides assume. The approach also implies that circulating-lane volume allocation can have a considerable impact on entry capacity. The field results indicated that indeed there were differences in the gap-acceptance behavior for drivers entering in the right approach lane, with critical gaps estimated at 3.68 s and 4.49 s for the inner and outer circulating lane, respectively, at the test site. In contrast, drivers entering in the left approach lane exhibited no difference in critical gaps among lanes (4.64 s for the inner lane and 4.68 s for the outer lane). Finally, the lane allocation of circulating flow did have a significant impact on capacity, particularly at large circulating-flow rates. This finding implies that the origin and destination of the flow constituting the circulating traffic must be accounted for in estimating capacity. Even small errors in capacity estimation were found to have a significant impact on delay and level of service.