circulus vitiosus
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Aslanov ◽  
Yulia V. Sudorgina ◽  
Alexey A. Kotov

In this study we replicated the explanatory effect of a label which had been found by Giffin et al. (2017). In their experiments, they used vignettes describing an odd behavior of a person based on culturally specific disorders that were unfamiliar to respondents. It turned out that explanations which explain an odd behavior through a person’s tendency to behave that way (circulus vitiosus) seemed more persuasive if the disorder was given a label that was used in the explanation. We replicated these results in Experiment 1, and in a follow-up Experiment 2 we examined the familiarity with category information and the evaluation of that category over time (the delay lasted one week). We realized that the label effect persists even when people make judgments based on their recollections about a category. Furthermore, according to a content analysis of the recollections, participants in the label condition remembered more information from the vignettes but tended to forget an artificial label; however, they used other words from the disorder domain instead (like “disease” or “kleptomania”). This allowed us to suggest a new interpretation of this effect: we suppose that in the Giffin et al. (2017) experiments the label did not bring any new features to a category itself, but pointed to a relevant domain instead, so the effect appeared from the activation of areas of knowledge in semantic memory and the application of relevant schema for learning a new phenomenon.


POETICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 315-333
Author(s):  
Björn Quiring

Abstract In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist frequently and eloquently refers to his own taciturnity and to the fundamental insights into the ways of the world that this silence conceals from his interlocutors. It is partly due to this emphasis on a pivotal inaccessibilty that the play has provoked numerous philosophical interpretations. For example, Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy and Walter Benjamin in Origin of the German Trauerspiel have dealt with Hamlet’s loquacious refusal to communicate, and their interpretations, while problematic in some respects, can contribute to a better understanding of the drama, especially when they are placed in relation to one another. While Nietzsche’s somewhat forced interpretation traces Hamlet’s silence to the Dionysian experience of ancient tragedy, Benjamin’s counter-interpretation construes this silence as the expression of a specifically Protestant, melancholic conception of history, as well as of its dialectical overcoming. Although Origin of the German Trauerspiel convincingly demonstrates that Hamlet transforms his relationship to society and its language in the course of the play by reinterpreting the contingency of historical events as manifestations of eternal providence, a closer reading of the drama shows that this reinterpretation is not, as Benjamin claims, unfolding a genuinely Christian dialectic, at the endpoint of which stands the blissful silence of assured salvation. Rather, this reinterpretation appears as the expression of an amor fati that in many respects prefigures Nietzsche’s categorical affirmation of blind necessity; Hamlet’s interpretation of the course of the world as a circulus vitiosus resembles the idea of the eternal return, embracing this figure of thought in its most hopeless and most seminal form: as an apotheosis of endless annihilation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1/2021) ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Dario Krsic
Keyword(s):  

Mnogobrojni su primeri istorijskih konstrukata, koji već vek i po služe ideologiji „hrvatskog državnog prava“. Ovaj rad predstavlja nastavak razmatranja najvažnijih mitologema ugrađenih u temelje nacionalnog identiteta Hrvata. Neke od njih, spomenute u prošlom broju ovog časopisa („Hrvatska do Drine“ i „Crvena Hrvatska“), evoluirale su davno u faktoide; utkane su u „kolektivno sećanje“ hrvatske nacije i anatomiju srbofobije. Kako bi struktura mržnje bila čvršća, a velikohrvatske težnje opravdane, srpski narod bio je podvrgnut doziranoj rasističkoj pogrdi od strane istaknutih hrvatskih istoričara, političara i katoličkog sveštenstva u 19. i 20 veku. Uporedo s instrumentalizacijom istorije, kreirane su i predrasude o krajiškim Srbima, koji su preimenovani u „posrbljene Vlahe“: narod antropološki pomalo stran i kulturno prilično udaljen od evropske civilizacije. Nižerasno „slavosrpsko smeće“, kako ga nazvaše „očevi hrvatske nacije“, smetalo je svekolikom napretku naroda i države otkako se „doteplo“ u Hrvatsku, i počelo se smatrati nedostojnim saživota s „pravim ljudima duha hrvatskog“ – tobožnjim „potomcima Gota“, Arijevaca, vojnika-osvajača iz drevnog Irana. Srbi, s druge strane, zadobiše epitet „sužanjske pasmine“, kojima Grci ili Mađari „dadoše ime“; postadoše „potomci martologa“, u kojima kipti „zlo i rđa“, pljačkaši i robitelji „svete zemlje Hrvatske“, „predziđa hrišćanstva“. Nestankom osmanlijske pretnje, iako je vekovima činio najveći deo krajiških vojnih trupa, srpski narod predstavljen je kao „vlaški nakot zreo za sekiru“, poslušnik „srbijanskih gegula“ i njihove „ciganske dinastije“. Time je mitomanisanje, potpomognuto hrvatskim naučnim i obrazovnim institucijama, uspešno završilo svoj srbomrzački zadatak: nadahnulo je pogrom u tri navrata za samo stotinu godina. Međutim, indukovalo je i kroatofobiju, omogućivši na neodređeno vreme „circulus vitiosus“ srpsko-hrvatskih konflikata.


Phlebologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Faerber

ZusammenfassungAngeborene oder erworbene, iatrogene, traumatische oder postinfektiöse Störungen des Lymphabflusses führen aufgrund der Lymphstase im Laufe der Zeit zu Gewebeveränderungen wie Fibrosierung und vermehrter lokaler Fettgewebebildung. Häufig kommt es hierdurch zu einer extremen Volumenzunahme der betroffenen Extremität, die nicht durch das Lymphödem allein, sondern vor allem durch die massive Fettgewebshypertrophie bedingt ist. Lymphgefäße und Lymphknoten sind immer in Fettgewebe eingebettet. Dieses perilymphatische Fettgewebe ist essenziell für die lymphatische wie auch immunologische Funktion des Lymphsystems, da das Lymphsystem Fettsäuren als primäre Energiequelle nützt. Kommt es nach Lymphadenektomie und/oder Unterbrechung von Lymphgefäßen zur Lymphstase in der betroffenen Extremität, signalisiert diese einen gesteigerten Energiebedarf für die notwendige Immunantwort und die chronische Inflammation verursacht eine Überstimulation der Fettgewebsproliferation, um ausreichend Energie zur Verfügung stellen zu können. In der Folge kommt es zu weiteren pathophysiologischen Veränderungen, die die Drainagefunktion und damit die Lymphstase weiter verschlechtern. Es hat sich ein Circulus vitiosus aus Lymphstase, Fettgewebsproliferation und Fibrosierung entwickelt.Da die komplexe Entstauungstherapie diesen Zustand allein nicht wesentlich verbessern kann, kommen therapeutisch zusätzliche gewebereduzierende operative Verfahren, in erster Linie die Liposuktion, ggf. in Kombination mit mikrochirurgischen Operationstechniken, zum Einsatz.


2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-670
Author(s):  
Ana Vuković

The paper deals with the analysis of feminists' arguments about the sex/gender dichotomy within the relationship to trans activism. In the first part of the paper, we will give the usual definitions of sex and gender in feminist literature and the views of feminists on trans activism. Next, we will explain which trans activists' views feminists disagree with, and how language is used for ideological purposes. The aim of this paper is to identify the basic dilemmas and bioengineering associated with the underestimation of biological sex, that is, with the opinion of trans activists that men who are trans women are also women. The author will explain why feminists believe that this approach to the sex/ gender dichotomy is a threat to women's rights in the society.


2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Bilić

A number of interconnected scholarly publications discussing the phenomenon of the so-called sacred triangles have appeared lately. The authors who believe in the existence of this phenomenon argue that such triangles are based on a precisely determined value of the obliquity of the ecliptic. However, a detailed analysis of some of the key tenets discussed in their publications has revealed the gratuitous nature of this hypothesis, as well as its fundamentally unscientific character and the methodological flaws inherent in its overall development. Especially worrying is the falling into the pitfall of circular argumentation (circulus vitiosus) by the authors adhering to this hypothesis, their avoidance of any dialogue with relevant scholarly literature and their questionable understanding of fundamental phenomena upon which their hypothesis is built. A glaring example of the lattermost is the misunderstanding of the obliquity of the ecliptic on the part of the adherents of the so-called sacred triangles hypothesis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Markolf Hanefeld ◽  
Holger Fleischmann ◽  
Thorsten Siegmund ◽  
Jochen Seufert

ZusammenfassungErhöhte Blutzucker- und Fettsäurespiegel schädigen die residuale B-Zell-Regeneration und -Funktion (Glukolipotoxizität) und vermindern die Insulinempfindlichkeit von Muskulatur, Fettgewebe, Leber und Endothel der Gefäßwand. Chronische Hyperglykämie triggert in einem komplexen circulus vitiosus proatherogene und inflammatorische Prozesse, die die Morbidität und Mortalität erhöhen. Die rechtzeitige nutzen-risiko-basierte Therapie mit Insulin schützt nachhaltig die B-Zellen und kann die Progression des Diabetes wesentlich verzögern. Damit verbunden ist eine signifikante Senkung der Inzidenz diabetesbezogener Komplikationen. Langzeitstudien mit intensivierter Glykämiekontrolle und Insulin haben zu der Empfehlung geführt, den HbA1c-Wert von Anfang an unter 6,5–7,0 % zu halten, unter Vermeidung von Hypoglykämien. Die Zielkorridore für Blutzucker und HbA1c-Wert sollten an die individuelle Lebenssituation, eine realistische Einschätzung der Nutzen-Risiko-Bilanz und die Möglichkeiten des Patienten angepasst werden. Langwirksame Basalinsuline ermöglichen einen einfachen Einstieg in die Diabeteskontrolle zu jedem Zeitpunkt der Entgleisung. Dies gilt, wenn Metformin, orale duale oder Triple-Therapien und GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten nicht länger ausreichen, um die Zielkorridore für Blutzucker und HbA1c-Wert einzuhalten. Rechtzeitiger Einsatz von Insulin ist besonders indiziert für Subtypen mit schwerem Insulinmangel, Patienten mit diabetesbezogenen Komplikationen sowie Individuen mit chronischen Infekten und/oder Sarkopenie. Rechtzeitiger Einsatz von Insulin ist effektiver, sicherer und auch kostengünstiger, da dies hilft, Polypharmazie zu vermeiden.


Author(s):  
Georges Güntert
Keyword(s):  

Aunque es cierto que el endecasílabo de Dante y Petrarca fue imitado en la Península ya desde el siglo XV, se debe sin embargo a Garcilaso y Boscán, lectores de Sannazaro, Bembo y Bernardo Tasso, su definitiva aclimatación en el canon poético español. Y es que la novedad de Petrarca, lo que Bernardo Tasso y Herrera llamarán su leggiadria, no había sido entendida antes de 1500. También en el dominio de la sintaxis y el ritmo, los poemas de Garcilaso suponen un paso adelante: los hay, como el soneto XI o la estrofa inicial de la Canción III, sin punto hasta el final, lo que les confiere una estructura unitaria y redonda. Volvemos a encontrar la figura del círculo en la Égloga tercera donde el poeta trata de superar el tiempo a través del mito: inscribir el tiempo de la existencia en el orden cíclico del mito constituye, de hecho, la suprema ambición del poeta toledano. Keywords: Endecasílabo, Petrarca, leggiadria, Garcilaso, estructuras circulares, tiempo cíclico.


2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. S137
Author(s):  
Marius Costel Alupei ◽  
Pallab Maity ◽  
Philipp Ralf EBer ◽  
Ioanna Krikki ◽  
Francesca Tuorto ◽  
...  

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