Influence of Thermal Radiation on MHD Fluid Flow over a Sphere

The current perusal investigation was carried out for the result of a chemical reaction and Schmidt number on magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow towards a Sphere with Rosseland approximation. The Roseland estimate is utilized to portray the radiative heat transition in the energy condition. The crucial equations of continuity, thermal and solutal boundary layers are reassembled into sets of nonlinear models. The highly nonlinear partial differential models are converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential structure through the proper dimensionless quantities. The numerical arrangements of standard differential structures have been procured by applying the fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg strategy with shooting technique through MATHEMATICA software. The quantities of physical interest are graphically presented and discussed in detail. Correlation with past writing results is additionally done and is discovered to be excellent concurrence with those distributed before.

Fractional order stagnation point flow of the hybrid nanofluid towards a stretching sheet

Fractional calculus characterizes a function at those points, where classical calculus failed. In the current study, we explored the fractional behavior of the stagnation point flow of hybrid nano liquid consisting of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles across a stretching sheet. Silver Ag and Titanium dioxide TiO2 nanocomposites are one of the most significant and fascinating nanocomposites perform an important role in nanobiotechnology, especially in nanomedicine and for cancer cell therapy since these metal nanoparticles are thought to improve photocatalytic operation. The fluid movement over a stretching layer is subjected to electric and magnetic fields. The problem has been formulated in the form of the system of PDEs, which are reduced to the system of fractional-order ODEs by implementing the fractional similarity framework. The obtained fractional order differential equations are further solved via fractional code FDE-12 based on Caputo derivative. It has been perceived that the drifting velocity generated by the electric field E significantly improves the velocity and heat transition rate of blood. The fractional model is more generalized and applicable than the classical one.

Influence of the Preformed Coil Design on the Thermal Behavior of Electric Traction Machines

Preformed coils are used in electrical machines to improve the copper slot fill factor. A higher utilization of the machine can be realized. The improvement is a result of both, low copper losses due to the increased slot fill factor and an improved heat transition out of the slot. In this study, the influence of these two aspects on the operational improvement of the machine is studied. Detailed simulation models allow a separation of the two effects. A preform wound winding in comparison to a round wire winding is studied. Full machine prototypes as well as motorettes of the two designs are built up. Thermal finite element models of the stator slot are developed and parameterized with the help of motorette microsections. The resulting thermal lumped parameter model is enlarged to represent the entire electric machine. Electromagnetic finite element models for loss calculation and the thermal lumped parameter models are parameterized using test bench measurements. The developed models show very good agreement in comparison to the test bench evaluation. The study indicates that both, the improvements in the heat transition path and the advantages of the reduced losses in the slot contribute to the improved operational range in dependency of the studied operational point.

Good Governance and the Regulation of the District Heating Market

This chapter discusses how the fundamental values of energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance can play a role in developing a more consistent approach towards the regulation of the energy sector and, more in particular, in dealing with the challenges of regulating the heat transition in the Netherlands in a just way. Energy justice and energy democracy are energy specific concepts that are gaining influence when interpreting and applying the principles of good governance in the energy sector. Both concepts are based on the awareness that the energy transition is a matter for all citizens of the European Union and should not be ignored by policymakers and independent regulators. The heat transition in the Netherlands significantly impacts the position of consumers, prosumers and vulnerable customers, as an ever-larger group of consumers will be disconnected from the gas grid and will be connected to heat networks. Energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance are important values that should guide policy-makers in making choices that affect consumer participation and the protection of vulnerable customers in the heat transition. It is elaborated how energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance indeed can provide a useful framework within which advantages and disadvantages can be weighed of regulatory choices to be made when modernising the regulation of the heat market in a just way. In particular, there remains a lot to gain in terms of flexible regulation and supervision as well as the facilitation of consumer/prosumer participation in the Netherlands. Because it is likely that most heat consumers will remain locked in for a relatively long time in natural monopolies facilitated by older generation heat networks and the lack of alternative heating, substantive consumer-participation could yield positive results regarding community engagement in heat network management and heat supply.