Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior in the Acute Phase of a Preclinical Model of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease (PD) is an infectious-inflammatory oral disease that is highly prevalent among adolescence and adulthood and can lead to chronic orofacial pain and be associated with anxiety, stress and depression. This study aimed to identify anxiety-like behaviors in the ligature-induced murine preclinical model of PD in different phases of the disease (i.e., acute vs. chronic). Also, we investigated orofacial mechanical allodynia thresholds and superficial cortical plasticity along the orofacial motor cortex in both disease phases. To this aim, 25 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated in acute (14 days) or chronic (28 days) ligature-induced-PD groups and further divided into active-PD or sham-PD. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the elevated plus maze, mechanical allodynia assessed using the von Frey filaments test and superficial motor cortex mapping was performed with electrical transdural stimulation. We observed increased anxiety-like behavior in active-PD animals in the acute phase, characterized by decreased number of entries into the open arm extremities [t(1,7) = 2.42, p = 0.04], and reduced time spent in the open arms [t(1,7) = 3.56, p = 0.01] and in the open arm extremities [t(1,7) = 2.75, p = 0.03]. There was also a reduction in the mechanical allodynia threshold in all active-PD animals [Acute: t(1,7) = 8.81, p < 0.001; Chronic: t(1,6) = 60.0, p < 0.001], that was positively correlated with anxiety-like behaviors in the acute group. No differences were observed in motor cortex mapping. Thus, our findings show the presence of anxiety-like behaviors in the acute phase of PD making this a suitable model to study the impact of anxiety in treatment response and treatment efficacy.

Language Mapping with Magnetoencephalography

This chapter explores the applications of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to the study of the brain mechanisms for language functions. Language mapping with MEG has proved helpful in presurgical estimates of the location and extent of language-related cortex as well as in the intraoperative identification of these cortical patches. In fact, in several neurosurgical centers around the world, such assessments are part of the protocol of surgical interventions, especially in the case of epilepsy. Moreover, MEG alone or in combination with other imaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is extensively used for the testing of alternative models of cortical organization for language in normal populations. However, applications of MEG to language mapping face most of the limitations that characterize brain imaging techniques relying on hemodynamic measures. Perhaps the most fundamental of these limitations concerns the degree of specificity of results: Activation profiles feature brain regions that may not be indispensable for a particular target function. This problem is particularly serious in the case of language mapping and to a lesser degree in motor cortex mapping.