Language Mapping with Magnetoencephalography

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Panagiotis G. Simos ◽  
Susan M. Bowyer ◽  
Kyousuke Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Target Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Normal Populations ◽  
Motor Cortex Mapping ◽  
The Brain

This chapter explores the applications of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to the study of the brain mechanisms for language functions. Language mapping with MEG has proved helpful in presurgical estimates of the location and extent of language-related cortex as well as in the intraoperative identification of these cortical patches. In fact, in several neurosurgical centers around the world, such assessments are part of the protocol of surgical interventions, especially in the case of epilepsy. Moreover, MEG alone or in combination with other imaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is extensively used for the testing of alternative models of cortical organization for language in normal populations. However, applications of MEG to language mapping face most of the limitations that characterize brain imaging techniques relying on hemodynamic measures. Perhaps the most fundamental of these limitations concerns the degree of specificity of results: Activation profiles feature brain regions that may not be indispensable for a particular target function. This problem is particularly serious in the case of language mapping and to a lesser degree in motor cortex mapping.

Neuro-Clinical Signatures of Language Impairments: A Theoretical Framework for Function-to-structure Mapping in Clinics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 800-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferath Kherif ◽  
Sandrine Muller
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Language Impairments ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Recovery ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bow Tie

In the past decades, neuroscientists and clinicians have collected a considerable amount of data and drastically increased our knowledge about the mapping of language in the brain. The emerging picture from the accumulated knowledge is that there are complex and combinatorial relationships between language functions and anatomical brain regions. Understanding the underlying principles of this complex mapping is of paramount importance for the identification of the brain signature of language and Neuro-Clinical signatures that explain language impairments and predict language recovery after stroke. We review recent attempts to addresses this question of language-brain mapping. We introduce the different concepts of mapping (from diffeomorphic one-to-one mapping to many-to-many mapping). We build those different forms of mapping to derive a theoretical framework where the current principles of brain architectures including redundancy, degeneracy, pluri-potentiality and bow-tie network are described.

scholarly journals Neurobiological foundations of music

ANALES RANM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 135 (135(02)) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Francisco José Rubia Vila
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
The Brain

Music plays a fundamental role in our brain which suggests that music ability is an early developing mental capacity. The brain regions that are activated during music-related activities overlap with those that are dedicated to language functions, in particular singing. This is why it has been argued that both functions develop in parallel or that there is a precursor for both functions which has been labelled as “Musilanguage”. It is possible that this mental ability is hereditary, which would explain the existence of entire families dedicated to music.

scholarly journals Functionnectome: a framework to analyse the contribution of brain circuits to fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Nozais ◽  
Stephanie Forkel ◽  
Chris Foulon ◽  
Laurent Petit ◽  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Joint Contribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In recent years, the field of functional neuroimaging has moved from a pure localisationist approach of isolated functional brain regions to a more integrated view of those regions within functional networks. The methods used to investigate such networks, however, rely on local signals in grey matter and are limited in identifying anatomical circuitries supporting the interaction between brain regions. Mapping the brain circuits mediating the functional signal between brain regions would propel forward our understanding of the brain’s functional signatures and dysfunctions. We developed a novel method to unravel the relationship between brain circuits and functions: The Functionnectome. The Functionectome combines the functional signal from fMRI with the anatomy of white matter brain circuits to unlock and chart the first maps of functional white matter. To showcase the versatility of this new method, we provide the first functional white matter maps revealing the joint contribution of connected areas to motor, working memory, and language functions. The Functionnectome comes with an open source companion software and opens new avenues into studying functional networks by applying the method to already existing dataset and beyond task fMRI.

A cognitive neuroscience review of the aetiology of ADHD

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
The Brain

A simple neurological explanation has yet to identify an aetiology and pathogenesis of the disorder.  However, advancements in imaging techniques should help to give a more detailed understanding of the brain regions that are different to those without ADHD.

The Brain Basis of Language Processing: From Structure to Function

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1357-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Marker Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Language processing is a trait of human species. The knowledge about its neurobiological basis has been increased considerably over the past decades. Different brain regions in the left and right hemisphere have been identified to support particular language functions. Networks involving the temporal cortex and the inferior frontal cortex with a clear left lateralization were shown to support syntactic processes, whereas less lateralized temporo-frontal networks subserve semantic processes. These networks have been substantiated both by functional as well as by structural connectivity data. Electrophysiological measures indicate that within these networks syntactic processes of local structure building precede the assignment of grammatical and semantic relations in a sentence. Suprasegmental prosodic information overtly available in the acoustic language input is processed predominantly in a temporo-frontal network in the right hemisphere associated with a clear electrophysiological marker. Studies with patients suffering from lesions in the corpus callosum reveal that the posterior portion of this structure plays a crucial role in the interaction of syntactic and prosodic information during language processing.

scholarly journals Pre-operarative Multivariate Connectome Analysis for Glioma Patients

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Crimi ◽  
Benedikt Wiestler ◽  
Jan S. Kirschke ◽  
Sandro M. Krieg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Surgical Decision ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Guided Surgery ◽  
Graph Metrics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Surgical Decision Making ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractRecent advances in neuroimaging have allowed the use of network analysis to study the brain in a system-based approach. A system-based analysis of gliomas can shed light on mechanisms underlying neuronal connectivity and plasticity and the recovery process, and it could support surgical decision-making. Surgery has been shifting from image-guided surgery to a functional mapping-guided resection where several structural and functional modalities are used. However, reliable identification of eloquent areas during planning of surgical resection is still a challenge. Pre-operative language mapping performed by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is of great value as it elucidates functional cortical organization, which might be different from patient to patient due to the heterogeneity of the lesions and individual plasticity. In this paper we propose the construction of an “effective” speech network used for surgical decision making. This is achieved by mapping functionally relevant areas identified by nTMS on tractography-based connectomics. Subsequently we compute graph metrics on the identified speech networks of patients who show preoperative aphasia aiming to identify relevant differences between graph metrics in patients with and without preoperative aphasia. Lastly, the validity of the speech networks is examined by checking the involved graph communities.

scholarly journals On Variability & Human Consciousness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Boutwell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
The Brain

The topic of consciousness remains central across numerous academic fields ranging from philosophy to cognitive neuroscience. Scholars in all of these fields continue to debate the origins of conscious experiences. More recently, scientists have applied advanced imaging techniques to illuminate brain regions that are at least associated with our subjective feelings of conscious experience. Though much disagreement remains, one point that is generally accepted across fields is that consciousness is not the product of an immaterial substance, but rather is produced by functioning across physical substrates in the brain. This point of agreement is enough to suggest that genetically and environmentally underpinned individual variation in brain structure may contribute to individual variation in consciousness. To the extent that this is correct, it may provide insight on a host of important questions across various academic fields. Equally important, understanding sources of variability in consciousness may be a key piece of the puzzle for understanding, not only how consciousness evolved, but also how selection pressures might continue to act on the human experience of consciousness across subsequent generations.

scholarly journals Functionnectome: a framework to analyse the contribution of brain circuits to fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Nozais ◽  
Stephanie J Forkel ◽  
Chris J Foulon ◽  
Laurent Petit ◽  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Joint Contribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, the field of functional neuroimaging has moved from a pure localisationist approach of isolated functional brain regions to a more integrated view of those regions within functional networks. The methods used to investigate such networks, however, rely on local signals in grey matter and are limited in identifying anatomical circuitries supporting the interaction between brain regions. Mapping the brain circuits mediating the functional signal between brain regions would propel forward our understanding of the brain's functional signatures and dysfunctions. We developed a novel method to unravel the relationship between brain circuits and functions: The Functionnectome. The Functionectome combines the functional signal from fMRI with the anatomy of white matter brain circuits to unlock and chart the first maps of functional white matter. To showcase the versatility of this new method, we provide the first functional white matter maps revealing the joint contribution of connected areas to motor, working memory, and language functions. The Functionnectome comes with an open-source companion software and opens new avenues into studying functional networks by applying the method to already existing dataset and beyond task fMRI.

scholarly journals Functionnectome as a framework to analyse the contribution of brain circuits to fMRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Nozais ◽  
Stephanie J. Forkel ◽  
Chris Foulon ◽  
Laurent Petit ◽  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Joint Contribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn recent years, the field of functional neuroimaging has moved away from a pure localisationist approach of isolated functional brain regions to a more integrated view of these regions within functional networks. However, the methods used to investigate functional networks rely on local signals in grey matter and are limited in identifying anatomical circuitries supporting the interaction between brain regions. Mapping the brain circuits mediating the functional signal between brain regions would propel our understanding of the brain’s functional signatures and dysfunctions. We developed a method to unravel the relationship between brain circuits and functions: The Functionnectome. The Functionnectome combines the functional signal from fMRI with white matter circuits’ anatomy to unlock and chart the first maps of functional white matter. To showcase this method’s versatility, we provide the first functional white matter maps revealing the joint contribution of connected areas to motor, working memory, and language functions. The Functionnectome comes with an open-source companion software and opens new avenues into studying functional networks by applying the method to already existing datasets and beyond task fMRI.

Introduction-The Brain as a Substrate for Psychotropic Therapeutics

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (S8) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Paul E. Keck
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBipolar disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with a high rate of misdiagnosis and evidence of degenerative progression. Research indicates that the interval between bipolar episodes decreases steadily until the patient settles into a relatively frequent course of mania and depression. Various imaging techniques have been used in the understanding of the brain pathology underlying bipolar disorder through identification of patterns consistent with disruption of the normal brain activity in bipolar patients. These techniques have demonstrated evidence of abnormalities in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex. In addition, the cerebellar vermis, which serves as an error-detection function to modulate the iterative network, appears to shrink with recurrent episodes. Functional imaging demonstrates that the anterior limbic network is overactivated and overresponsive in patients with bipolar disorder. In many patients, those deficits are often compensated for by activation of other brain areas. Ultimately, when the compensation fails, expression of bipolar symptoms arise. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, simple models can be constructed based on the hypothesis that mitochondrial function may be impaired in bipolar disorder. There is also increasing evidence that psychotropic medications can affect specific brain regions that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Glutamate levels appear to be elevated in untreated patients with bipolar disorder, which may cause glutamatergic neurotoxicity and negative therapeutic implications. Further advances in brain imaging may contribute to the improvement of available therapies and the understanding which treatments will be most suitable for specific patients.

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