Wastewater Substrate Disinfection for Application of Synechococcus Elongatus PCC 7942 Cultivation as Tertiary Treatment

The cultivation of microalgae or/and cyanobacteria in nutrient-rich wastewaters presents a significant opportunity for enhancing sustainability of tertiary wastewater treatment processes via resources/energy recovery/production. However, maintaining a monoculture in wastewater-media constitutes a significant challenge to be addressed, as a plethora of antagonistic and predating microorganisms exist is such media. In this regard, the present work assesses the efficiency of the low-cost wastewater substrate disinfection techniques of filtration, use of NaClO, H2O2 or Fe(VI), in terms of antagonistic or/and predating microbial species growth inhibition in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 cultivations. Nitrates and phosphates removal rates were also experimentally assessed. The results showed that filter thickness has a greater effect on disinfection efficiency than that of filter’s pore size. Furthermore, the disinfection efficiency of Fe(VI), which was produced on-site by electrosynthesis via a Fe0/Fe0 cell, was greater than that of NaClO and H2O2. Filtration at ≤ 1.2 µm pore size coupled with chemical disinfection leads to unhindered S7942 growth and efficient nitrates and phosphates removal rates, at dosages of CT ≥ 270 mg min L−1 for NaClO and CT ≥ 157 mg min L−1 for Fe(VI). The coagulation action of Fe(III) species that result from Fe(VI) reduction and the oxidation action of Fe(VI) can assist in turbidity, organic compounds and phosphorous removal from wastewater-media. Moreover, the residual iron species can assist in S7942 harvesting and may enhance photosynthesis rate. Thus, the utilization of wastewaters for S7942 cultivation as tertiary treatment seems a promising and novel alternative to common nutrient removal processes that can reduce environmental footprint and operational costs of wastewater treatment plants.

Saringan Cangkang Telur Bebek Efektif Memperbaiki Kualitas pH Dan Kadar Besi Air Sumur Bor

Water well drill that is in the Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Banjarbaru seen physically yellowish and smelly. Preliminary test result obtained pH 4.9 and Fe 2.5 mg/L. Based on the quality of clean water standards have not fulfilled the requirements of 1.0 mg/L and pH 6.5-8.5. It needs to be done research test of duck egg filter making in improving the quality of pH and Fe water well drill. The goal of this research is to know the effectiveness of duck egg filter in improving the quality of pH and Fe water wells drill. Types of research are experiments with pretest-posttest with control group. The population in the research is the whole water well drill in the Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Banjarbaru. A research sample is a water well drill that is partially taken for trial. Analysis of the influence thickness of the sieve using Anova asymp Test < œ (0.000 < 0.05) means there is a difference between the filter thickness of duck egg, 0 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm. Then done test Posh Hoc Tests can be concluded that there is a meaningful difference between the thickness of the filter of ducks egg shells 0 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 Based on the research results of the sieve 40 cm with a weight of 291 gram is an effective sieve in lowering the water level of the well drill.

Physical modeling of filtration processes of heat-resistant nickel alloys during casting in a vacuum induction installation

The article considers issues related to the efficiency of metal melts’ filtration depending on the size of non-metallic inclusions, parameters of ceramic foam filters and their location options. Studies of influence of the main structural elements on the filtration processes of nickel melts during casting in a vacuum induction installation were carried out on low-temperature physical models. Modeling of melt filtration processes is based on the hydrodynamic similarity of the processes of motion of melt flows and nonmetallic inclusions in casting tanks. A modeling technique has been developed, the scale has been determined and a model installation has been made. Influence of the arrangement of filtration and dividing walls on the dynamics of metal flows, non-metallic inclusions and filtration efficiency is considered. The efficiency of nickel melts filtration is described depending on the technical parameters both on the filter itself (effective filtration surface, filter thickness, channel dimensions, number of channels per unit area), as well as on the type and size of non-metallic inclusions, design features of the casting device and filter layouts. It was found that the overall filtration efficiency is influenced by the rate and uniformity of the melt flows’ distribution in front of the filter. To ensure uniform distribution of the melt flow rates, a dividing wall with bypass holes is installed in front of the filter, the location of which and their number was also the subject of research. As a result of the studies, the relationships were established between the filtration efficiency, the size and type of non-metallic inclusions when using vertical and horizontal foam ceramic filters during the casting of nickel melts in an intermediate casting tank of a vacuum induction installation. It was found that with a vertical arrangement of the filter, its efficiency is higher than with a horizontal one. An additional means of increasing efficiency of the filtration system is the use of a dividing wall. The optimal number of holes and the location of the baffle in the casting tank were determined, ensuring a uniform distribution of melt flows along the height in front of the filter and an increase in its operation time.

Acquisition of Quasi-Monochromatic Dual-Energy in a Microfocus X-ray Generator and Development of Applied Technology

In regenerative medicine, evaluation of bone mineral density using a microfocus X-ray generator could eventually be used to determine the degree of bone tissue regeneration. To evaluate bone mineral density against regenerated bone material, two low-energy X-rays are necessary. Herein, the acquisition of quasi-monochromatic, dual-energy soft X-ray and the subsequent medical application were examined using the K-absorption edges of two types of metal filters (i.e., zirconium and tin) in a microfocus X-ray generator. Investigation of the optimal tube voltage and filter thickness to form a quasi-monochromatic energy spectrum with a single filter revealed that a filter thickness of 0.3 mm results in an optimal monochromatization state. When a dual filter was used, the required filter thickness was 0.3 mm for tin and 0.2 mm for zirconium at a tube voltage of 35 kV. For the medical application, we measured quasi-monochromatic, dual-energy X-rays to evaluate the measurement accuracy of bone mineral density. Using aluminum as a simulated bone sample, a relative error of ≤5% was consistent within the aluminum thickness range of 1–3 mm. These data suggest that a bone mineral density indicator of recycled bone material can be easily obtained with the quasi-monochromatic X-ray technique using a microfocus X-ray generator.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE WESTERN BREAKWATER FOR THE OUTER PORT AT PUNTA LANGOSTEIRA (A CORUÑA, SPAIN)

This paper describes the design process, hydraulic stability tests and construction of the Cubipod® armored Western breakwater at Punta Langosteira (Outer Port of A Coruña, Spain), located on the Atlantic coast of Spain. The environmental, geotechnical, economic and logistic conditions favored randomly-placed Cubipods for single-layer armoring of the trunk. 3D hydraulic stability tests were carried out to validate the final design of the Western Breakwater; two models were tested with single- and double-layer Cubipod armors in the trunk and roundhead, respectively. Single-layer 25- and 30-tonne Cubipod® armors were used for the trunk section and a double-layer 45-tonne Cubipod® armor was used for the roundhead. During this project, new challenges were overcome, such as constructing a transition between single and double-layer armors, and manufacturing and handling of 45-tonne Cubipods. The transition in the armor thickness was solved by modifying the filter thickness under the main armor, to ensure a homogeneous external armor profile. Breakwater construction finished in November 2016 with no significant problem or delay in the original schedule.

Development of High Efficiency Containment Venting System by Using AgX

Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident would be terminated, if sufficient accident countermeasures, such as water proof door, mobile power, etc [1, 2]. In case of Europe, it had already installed the heat removal system and filtered containment venting system (FCVS) from the lessons of TMI and Chernobyl Accidents. The new regulatory standard in Japan, the filtered vent system (FCVS) should be installed, and prevent the radioactive material in case of the severe accident and the overpressure breakage prevention of a primary containment vessel (PCV) and also the robustization of the FCVS. The authors examined the severe accident process in the 2nd unit of Fukushima Daiichi NPS, and found the vent by FCVS should be done before water injection into the core. The PCV spray and water injection into the pedestal basement should be also the countermeasures to the severe accident. Countermeasures for an intentional aircraft collision should be installed too. Upon occurrence of a severe accident (SA), vent gas with radioactive fission products is blown out to a scrubbing pool through numerous venturi nozzles. Mist in steam moves upward to a metal fiber filter through a multi-hole baffle plate. After the mist is removed by that filter, radioactive methyl iodine (CH3I) is captured on the surface of a molecular sieve or AgX, made from zeolite particles with silver coating. A FCVS visualized test facility was installed at Hokkaido University. An AgX filter is used down-stream of the scrubbing pool and metal fiver filter. Thickness of AgX filter is very important parameter to obtain enough decontamination factor (DF). The DF for the radioactive iodine exceeds 10,000 at bed depth (AgX filter thickness) greater than 75mm.

Inverse Problem of Air Filtration of Nanoparticles: Optimal Quality Factors of Fibrous Filters

Application of nanofibers has become an emerging approach to enhance filtration efficiency, but questions arise about the decrease in Quality factor (QF) for certain particles due to the rapidly increasing pressure drop. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the QF of dual-layer filters for filtration of monodisperse and polydisperse nanoparticles. The inverse problem of air filtration, as defined in this work, consists in determining the optimal construction of the two-layer fibrous filter with the maximum QF. In comparison to a single-layer substrate, improved QF values for dual-layer filters are found when a second layer with proper structural parameters is added. The influences of solidity, fiber diameter, filter thickness, face velocity, and particle size on the optimization of QF are studied. The maximum QF values for realistic polydisperse particles with a lognormal size distribution are also found. Furthermore, we propose a modified QF (MQF) accounting for the effects of energy cost and flow velocity, which are significant in certain operations. The optimal MQF of the dual-layer filter is found to be over twice that of the first layer. This work provides a quick tool for designing and optimizing fibrous structures with better performance for the air filtration of specific nanoparticles.