WHAT MAKES A VECTOR A VECTOR, AND WHY IS THAT IMPORTANT?

Mosquitoes and other arthropods can transmit pathogens that currently cause millions of cases of illness and over 700,000 deaths annually. For most of these, the most efficient prevention is mosquito (or vector) control. However, only a small number of mosquito species are responsible for pathogen transmission, and different species are important for different pathogens. Because mosquito (vector) control tends to be focused on specific species, it is critical to ensure that the control efforts are directed at the species that are actually involved in pathogen transmission in the real world. Therefore, it is important to understand what makes a vector a vector and the various factors that affect the ability of a potential “vector” to actually transmit a pathogen.

Environmental Manipulation: A Potential Tool for Mosquito Vector Control

Mosquito borne diseases have continued to ravage man and his animals despite efforts to curb its spread. The use of chemicals has been the main thrust for control of all life stages of mosquitoes. Increased resistance to commonly used insecticides has called for renewed effort for vector control. Environmental management for vector control is one of the new strategies developed to tackle the menace of vectors. Manipulation of abiotic factors has widely gained acceptance due to laboratory and semi-field trials and findings. In this chapter, we reviewed literatures on some critical abiotic factors and their effects on bionomics and biological fitness of immature and adult life stages of mosquito species. We also looked at prospects for developing protocols based on these findings.

APPLICATION OF LARVITRAP AND OVITRAP TO CONTROL Aedes sp. IN DHF ENDEMIC AREAS

Alternative mosquito vector control at this time that is cheap, practical and relatively safe to the environment is needed by developing countries such as Indonesia.One of the methods of controlling Aedes sp without insecticides is the use of larvae traps (larvitrap). The working principle of larvitrap is that the eggs trapped in the tool The incidence rate (IR) of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever per 100.000 population in Central Java in the last five years is as follows: 2011 amounted to 15,27 in 2012 amounted to 19,29 in 2013 amounted to 45,52 in 2014 amounted to 32,95 and years 2015 amounted to 34,87. Since 2010 DHF has spread to all districts / cities in Central Java. Larvitrap and ovitrap are tools that can be used as traps for Aedes sp. Both of these tools can be used with additional attractants which can serve to attract the attention of Aedes sp. in order to lay eggs on the tool. Larvae that hatch from eggs in the larvitrap eventually cannot become adults and will die. Mosquito eggs trapped in the ovitrap can be destroyed so that they do not develop into adult mosquitoes. The research objective was to determine the effectiveness of using larvitrap and ovitrap as a control tool for Aedes sp (DHF vector).The research method used is experimental research. The research location is in the Banyumas Regency area. Larvitrap made of plastic jars and pralon was painted black and modified using gauze on the top. Ovitrap from plastic cups was painted black and given an ovistrip. Larvitrap and ovitrap were placed in DHF endemic areas. After the larvitrap and ovitrap are taken, the number of trapped Aedes sp and the larvitrap / ovitrap index is calculated. Furthermore, analyzed the effectiveness of using larvitrap and ovitrap as a means of controlling mosquitoes Aedes sp.The results showed that the larvitrap index in the larvitrap installation in Pandak Village was 60%, while in Mersi Village it was 56,7%. The ovitrap index in the ovitrap installation in Pandak Village was 36,7%, while in Mersi Village it was 33,3%. The number of larvae trapped in the larvitrap installation in Pandak Village were 832 larvae, while in Mersi Village there were 985 larvae. The number of eggs trapped in the ovitrap installation in Pandak Village were 518 eggs, while in Mersi Village there were 811 eggs.The conclusion of this research is that larvitrap is more effective to control Aedes sp than ovitrap. The community is advised to use larvitrap as a tool to control the Aedes sp (DHF vector.

AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK RIMPANG TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) SEBAGAI LARVASIDA TERHADAP Aedes aegypti DI KECAMATAN KELAPA LIMA KOTA KUPANG

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease that is found in some tropical and subtropical regions. This disease is caused by dengue virus and is transmitted to humans through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. the solution taken in controlling DHF is to break the life cycle of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Vector control is generally carried out using synthetic larvicides, namely abate / temefos, but the use of abate can cause residues, environmental pollution, poisoning and resistance of the eradicated vectors so that natural larvasides from plants are needed namely temulawak rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) for vector control. The purpose of this study was to determine whether temulawak rhizome extract was effective or not in killing Aedes aegypti larvae. This research method includes larva collection, identification and maintenance of mosquitoes, determining sample size, making extracts and testing effectiveness. This study used a control and experiment group with 3 repetitions in the minutes to 15, 30, 45, 60 and 1440 (24 Hours). The control group was positive control using abate and negative control using aquades while the eksperiment group used extract of temulawak rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) with concentrations of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2% and 1.5%. The results of this study indicate that the temulawak rhizome extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) effective as larvicides because at the lowest concentration 0.6% can kill 100% Aedes aegypti larvae.

Social Marketing on Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program in Pati, Central Java, Indonesia

Indonesia has the highest number of dengue fever cases in Southeast Asia and the second highest TB cases in the world. Both diseases are related to behavior. Social marketing focuses on changes in health behaviors. This study aimed to apply social marketing on dengue mosquito vector control and TB case finding and to analyze the effect of social marketing training on the knowledge and skills of community health workers (CHWs). A mixed method design was conducted in Pati, Central Java, Indonesia. First, a case study was conducted using field observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and document review. In-depth interviews and FGD were conducted on 55 participants including 40 community leaders and 15 CHWs. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Second, intervention study was conducted on social marketing training of 30 CHWs. The independent variable was social marketing training. The dependent variables were knowledge and skill of dengue mosquito vector control and TB case finding. The effect of training was analyzed by paired t test. The results showed that knowledge (p<0.001) and skill (p<0.001) in dengue mosquito vector control and TB case finding increased significantly after training. Qualitative assessment showed that CHWs were more able to identify health problems in the community and to perform TB case finding and dengue mosquito breeding place eradication. After training they also became more knowledgeable in applying social marketing approach to address the health problem. In conclusion, social marketing strategy can be used to address community health problem.