HEALING PATTERN OF THE INTERLOCKING INTRAMEDULLARY NAILED CLOSED TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES — EFFECT OF AGE, IM NAIL AND FIBULA ON CALLUS FORMATION

Objectives: To assess the healing pattern of the fractured tibial shaft with or without fibula fracture, fixated with locked intramedullary (IM) standard cannulated titanium nail in a group of patients in each decade; nonosteonal versus osteonal. Summary of background data: Up to now there have been many previous clinical studies on the nailed tibial shaft fractures. However, only a few animal experiments dealt with the callus type in healing, and a little human researches on the effect of the age and fixation device on callus formation in tibia at the two bone level of the lower limb were carried out. Material and Methods: 135 out of 168 patients with normally united closed tibial shaft fractures, fixated with titanium cannulated nail which showed good quality radiograms, were subjected to this study: 10 patients at minimum in each decade from late teens to 8th decade being regularly and radiographically followed were selected. Results: The nailed fractures united primarily by periosteal callus in the teenagers, while in the patients over third decade the fractures united by the intercortical uniting callus (osteonal). Conclusion: It was found that nail in tibia could not suppress the periosteal reparative reaction in the late teenagers which was suppressed in the adults. Union of the titanium nail-fixated adult tibial shaft fractures had to be depended primarily on osteonal healing because of the suppressed reparative periosteal reaction.

Respon Pemberian Hormon 2,4-D dan BAP terhadap Pertumbuhan Subkultur Kalus Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) secara In Vitro

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of administration of a combination of 2,4-D and BAP on the growth of soybean callus subculture and determine the combination of 2,4-D and BAP most good for the growth of soybean callus subculture. The study design used completely randomized design (CRD) with a pattern factorials. The factor one e.i 2,4-D consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm. A factor of 2 e.i BAP consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 2, 4, dan 6 ppm. Every combination treatment repeated three times. Parameters measured include the percentage is growing callus, type of callus, dry weight and wet weight of soybean callus. The results showed that administration of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP can spur the growth of soybean callus subculture, the combination of BAP 2 ppm and 10 ppm of 2,4-D is the best combination for a percentage of callus and growing callus types, whereas the wet weight and the weight dried callus is not driven by a combination of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP

Differential cadmium resistance of two morphologically distinct types of potato (Solanum tuberosum) callus

Callus culture has been used to study the cellular basis of sensitivity of plants to toxic trace elements including cadmium. Callus friability may be related to plant response to exposure to trace elements as callus friability is related to the plant cell wall which plays a role in resistance of plant cells to trace element toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between two types of potato callus with different friability and their sensitivity to cadmium. A high frequency (about 80%) of leaf or internodal explants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv, Iwa) formed a friable, pale green callus (type-A callus) on half-strength basal Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 12.42 μM picloram. On medium supplemented with 4.43 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 5.37 μM 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), a compact, non-friable callus (type-B callus) was induced in about 80% of the explants. Type-B callus was greener than type-A callus. Callus formation in both the leaf and internodal explants were completely inhibited on the medium used for induction of type-A or type-B callus when the respective medium was supplemented with 54 μM cadmium chloride (Cd). The type-B callus was found to be more resistant (less necrosis and higher relative growth rates) to 27, 54, and 109 μM of Cd than the type-A callus. The type-B callus also exhibited a higher level of peroxidase activity (a marker antioxidant enzyme counteracting oxidative stress) than the type-A callus when cultured on these Cd concentrations. This is the first study showing the importance of callus friability in plant cell response to Cd treatment.

Oviposition by introducedOphelimus eucalypti(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and morphogenesis of female-induced galls onEucalyptus saligna(Myrtaceae) in New Zealand

An Australian gall-inducing eulophid,Ophelimus eucalypti(Gahan) was first recorded on the foliage ofEucalyptus botryoidesafter it invaded New Zealand in 1987. It has spread throughout the eucalypt plantations in the North Island and in the northern parts of the South Island affecting several species ofEucalyptusin the section Transversaria (subgenusSymphyomyrtus). Because gall-inducing insects usually have extremely narrow host ranges,O. eucalyptithat induces galls onE. salignaandE. botryoidesis currently recognized as a biotype,O. eucalypti(Transversaria). Heavily galled leaves abscise from the plant. Repeated defoliation led to widespread die-back of susceptible eucalypt species in the 1990s. Female larvae ofO. eucalyptiinduce circular, protruding galls on the leaves ofE. botryoidesandE. saligna, whereas the males induce pit galls on the same species. The biology ofO. eucalyptifemales and the development of their galls are described. Adult femaleO. eucalyptiantennate the leaf surface before inserting the ovipositor (otherwise concealed within the metasomal apex) into the young host leaf. The egg is inserted at approximately 45° and discharged between differentiating palisade cells. Callus-type cells surround the egg chamber, but cytologically specialized nutritive cells appear once the egg hatches and the larva begins to feed. The gall also differentiates a multi-layered sclerenchymatous tissue around the nutritive tissue. After feeding for many months, the larva pupates and the active nutritive tissue degenerates. The adult wasp emerges after cutting an exit hole through to the outside of the gall. Abscission of heavily galled leaves results in widespread defoliation and loss of growth and vigour in susceptible trees in New Zealand.

Malus tissue cultures. II. Sorbitol metabolism and carbon nutrition

Growth of callus cultures from stem explants of Malus pumila, cultivars McIntosh and Cortland, and of M. robusta No. 5, and from cotyledon explants of McIntosh was compared on standard medium with sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose, each at concentrations of 3 and 6%, and on nine other carbon sources, each at 3% concentration. Fructose was generally the most effective of the 13 carbon sources tested, although depending on concentration and callus type, sorbitol, glucose, and sucrose were as effective as fructose. Sucrose, accumulating in quantities ranging between 40 and 87% of total carbohydrate, was the predominant carbohydrate constituent found in all cultures grown on both concentrations (3 and 6%) of sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose except those grown on 6% sorbitol, which accumulated between 68 and 75% sorbitol. Cultures grown on sugars at the higher concentration accumulated between 6 and 34% sorbitol, whereas in corresponding cultures grown at the lower concentration no sorbitol was detected.

Increased Regeneration Efficiency in Seed Derived Callus of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In five cultivated rice varieties e.g., Nonabokra, PNR 381, Taipei 309, Koshika and TKM 11 the response in the initiation of callus and its size varied greatly among varieties, salt concentrations (NaCl and Na2SO4) and their interaction. Better regeneration ability of Nonabokra, Koshika and TKM 11 was found to be correlated to small size callus with a high concentration of Na2SO4. The regeneration ability found here was dependent on variety/genotype, callus type and size, source of salt and their concentration. Regeneration ability enhanced three - tenfolds from Na2SO4 stressed callus compared to the control i.e. without Na2SO4. Vigorous rooting was also observed in the regenerated plants obtained from the calli induced in the medium containing Na2SO4. In NaCl supplemented medium, on the other hand, regeneration and rooting ability were poor.Key words: Rice varieties, Regeneration efficiency, Shoot regenerationDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1105Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 45-52, 2006 (June)