Variasi morfologi puparium Bemisa tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pada berbagai inang dan ketinggian tempat dari daerah endemik penyakit kuning cabai di Wilayah Sundaland

<p><em>Bemisia tabaci </em>(Gennadius) is one of polyphagous whitefly that has been known as gemini virus vector. The identification of <em>B. tabaci</em> is carried out based on pupal case or puparium of red eye fouth stage. The morphological variation of <em>B. tabaci</em> puparium leads to the difficulties on species identification. This research was aimed to study the morphological variations of <em>B. tabaci</em> puparium that has been found in various host plants at various altitude. Samples of <em>B. tabaci</em> puparium were obtained from Sundaland endemic area of pepper yellow curl disease virus endemic areas including West Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Bali, South Kalimantan. Slides-mounted were made from puparium and then identification was carried out to species<em>.</em> Observations have been conducted on <em>B. tabaci </em>puparial size, puparial shape, number of elongated dorsal setae, and caudal setae size. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to determine the factors that affected the puparium morphological variation. Based on the results, there were four variations of puparium: oval, oval with 1–2 indentations, oval with more than 3 indentations, and sea shell shapes. The variation observed on dorsal setae number<em>, </em>puparial shape, and size of <em>B. tabaci</em> were supposed due to the induction of trichomes on the leaves surface. Puparium variations were affected by host plants instead of altitude.</p>

Pengaruh Pemupukan dan Tumpangsari antara Tomat dan Kubis terhadap Populasi Bemisia tabaci dan Insiden Penyakit Virus Kuning pada Tanaman Tomat

Pola tanam sayuran secara tumpang sari telah dimanfaatkan secara meluas di sentra-sentra produksi sayuran di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemupukan dan tumpangsari antara tomat dan kubis terhadap populasi Bemisia tabaci dan serangan penyakit virus kuning yang disebabkan oleh virus gemini pada tanaman tomat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang (1.250 dpl.) dari bulan Juni sampai dengan Oktober 2008. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok pola faktorial dengan empat ulangan. Dua faktor perlakuan yang diuji, yaitu (1) dosis pupuk (N 180 kg/ha + P2O5 150 kg/ha + K2O 100 kg/ha, N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg /ha, serta N 210 kg/ha + P2O5 183,125 kg/ha + K2O 181,25 kg/ha) dan (2) cara tanam (monokultur tomat dan tumpangsari tomat dengan kubis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan dosis pupuk yang tinggi dan tanaman tomat yang ditanam secara monokultur dapat meningkatkan populasi kutukebul dan serangan penyakit virus kuning dibandingkan dengan dosis pupuk yang lebih rendah. Penggunaan dosis pupuk yang tinggi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan produksi tomat. Penggunaan dosis pupuk N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg/ha dan tumpangsari tomat dengan kubis dapat direkomendasikan sebagai komponen teknologi PHT untuk pengelolaan hama B. tabaci dan penyakit virus kuning pada tanaman tomat.<br /><br />The intercropping planting technique is widely implemented in vegetable production centers in Indonesia. The research on the application of different doses of fertilizers (N, P, and K) and the planting technique of tomato and cabbage on B. tabaci and the yellow disease caused by gemini virus was carried out at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute from June to October 2008. The objective was to determine the effect of different doses of fertilizers (N, P, and K) and tomato-cabbage intercropping on the population densities of B. tabaci and incidence of gemini virus on tomato. A factorial randomized block design with two factors and four replication was used in the experiment. Two treatments factor were tested i.e. (1) different doses of fertilizers (N 180 kg/ha + P2O5 150 kg/ha + K2O 100 kg/ha, N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg/ha, and N 210 kg /ha + P2O5 183,125 kg/ha + K2O 181,25 kg/ha), and (2) planting techniques (monoculture and tomato-cabbage intercropping). The result indicated that heigher doses of fertilizers resulted in higher population of whitefly per leaf and yellow virus symptoms on tomato compared to lower doses. Higher amounts of fertilizers did not significantly affect tomato yield. It is suggested that the dose of N 168 kg/ha + P2O5 146,5 kg/ha + K2O 145 kg/ha, and the tomato-cabbage intercropping technique can be incorporated into the IPM program, especially for the management of whitefly and gemini virus on tomato.<br /><br /><br />

Serological analysis of Jatropha Mosaic Virus

Jatropha curcas L. is a major commercial biodiesel crop grown on 98 million acres in India. There is growing interest in J. curcas as a biodiesel “Miracle Tree” to help alleviate the energy crisis and generate income in rural areas of developing countries. The J. curcas suffer from several diseases but Jatropha mosaic disease is one of the most serious constraints among the disease caused by Gemini virus belonging to genus begomovirus. The present study on serological analysis of Jatropha mosaic virus showed that the antiserum prepared from the purified JMV preparations was found to be specific to Jatropha mosaic virus and reacted with clarified JMV sap up to a dilution of 1:128 and up to 1:1024 with purified JMV Preparations. The titre of the antiserum was determined to be 1:1024 with purified JMV preparations. The antiserum of JMV did not react with the antigen of Cowpea mosaic virus and Broad bean mosaic virus. Thus it is concluded that JMV is serologically not related to these viruses.

Kajian Potensi Predator Coccinellidae untuk Pengendalian Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) pada Cabai Merah

<p>Kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) merupakan hama penting pada pertanaman cabai merah dansatu-satunya penular virus Gemini (virus kuning). Virus kuning keriting yang disebabkan oleh virus Gemini sekarang menjadiepidemik di berbagai daerah seperti Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, DI Yogyakarta, Sumatera Utara, dan Lampung, dengan intensitasserangan antara 20 sampai 100%. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan predator dari jenis Coccinellidae yang benar-benar efektifuntuk mengendalikan B. tabaci pada pertanaman sayuran khususnya cabai merah. Kajian potensi Coccinellidae sebagai predatorB. tabaci dilaksanakan pada tiga tahap percobaan, yaitu eksplorasi predator, uji daya pemangsaan, dan uji preferensi. Eksplorasipredator dilaksanakan dengan metode survei di tiga provinsi sentra produksi cabai merah dan daerah endemi penyakit virus kuningyaitu Jawa Barat (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Garut), Jawa Tengah (Kabupaten Brebes dan Magelang), dan DI Yogyakarta (KabupatenBantul dan Sleman). Eksplorasi predator dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan secara langsung serangga yang diduga sebagai predator(pendugaan predator berdasarkan pengamatan dan studi literatur), kemudian di inventarisasi dan diuji keefektifannya sebagai musuhalami melalui uji daya pemangsaan dan preferensi terhadap B. tabaci dan hama kutu daun cabai lainnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan ditiga provinsi, yaitu Jawa Barat (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Garut), Jawa Tengah (Kabupaten Brebes dan Magelang), dan DI Yogyakarta(Kabupaten Bantul dan Sleman) dari bulan Mei sampai dengan September 2010. Hasil eksplorasi dan identifikasi ditemukan 11 jenispredator yang berpotensi sebagai musuh alami B. tabaci, yang terdiri atas delapan jenis dari ordo Coleoptera famili Coccinellidae yaituMenochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Verania lineata, Illeis sp., Curinus coeruleus, Delphastus sp., Harmonia sp., danMenochilus sp., satu jenis dari famili Stapilinidae yaitu Paederus fuscipes, satu jenis dari ordo Hemiptera: famili Miridae (Compylommasp.), satu jenis dari ordo Neuroptera famili Hemerobiidae, dan satu jenis ordo Diptera (Condylostylus sp). Berdasarkan distribusi,kelimpahan, uji daya pemangsaan dan uji preferensi terhadap B. tabaci, maka spesies predator yang berpotensi tertinggi sebagaiagens hayati B. tabaci ialah V. lineata, kemudian diikuti oleh M. sexmaculatus dan C. transversalis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae).Pemanfaatan predator B. tabaci potensial dapat diuji dan diaplikasikan pada skala yang lebih besar.</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) is one of important pest on vegetable crops, especially on family of Solanaceae, particularly on chili peppers.Whiteflybecomes very critical pest because it become an important vector for Gemini virus. Many regions in West Java, Central Java,Yogyakarta, South Sumatera, and Lampung became endemic of leafroll yellow virus caused by Gemini virus in the recent year withdisease intensity from 20 till 100%. Objective of this research was to obtain potential and effective predators to control B. tabacifrom West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. Study of Coccinellidae potency as natural enemy to control B. tabaci have beendone through three stages started from predator exploration, predation, and preference test. Predators exploration was done in chilipepper production centre area in three province, namely West Java (Cirebon and Garut Districts), Central Java (Brebes and MagelangDistrict), and Yogyakarta (Bantul and Sleman District). Those areas were choosen as exploration area because beside as chili peppersproduction centre areas, they were also indicated as Gemini virus endemic area. Predator exploration was done by collecting insectsthat were indicated as predator (based on literature study). Predators that found in this exploration then be identified and tested fortheir effectiveness as natural enemies (predation and preference test). From the exploration and identification, there were found11 species of predator, nine of eleven predator were member of Coleoptera (eight of them were member of family Coccinellidae,namely Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Verania lineata, Illeis sp., Curinus coeruleus, Delphastus sp., Harmoniasp., Menochilus sp., and one of them was include in family of Staphylinidae Paederus fuscipes. We also find one species fromordo Hemiptera, i.e. member of Miridae family: Compylomma sp., one species from ordo Neuroptera, family Hemerobiidae, andone species from ordo Diptera (Condylostylus sp). Based on distribution, severity and effectiveness test, it could be concluded thatpredator species which have the highest potency as natural agent for controlling B. tabaci were V. lineata, M. sexmaculatus, and C.transversalis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). The use of B. tabaci high potential predators can be tested and applied in higher scale.The use of B. tabaci high potential predators can be tested and applied in higher scale.</p>

POTENCY OF PREDATOR (Menochilus sexmaculatus) AUGMENTATION FOR WHITE FLY (Bemisia tabaci) MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON GEMINI VIRUS INFESTATION ON TOMATO

Bemisia tabaci (Gen.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most serious pests on tomato. It is mainly controlled by chemi-cal means, requiring some 25 sprays during the average growing season. The extensive and repeated use of insecticides has dis-rupted the natural balance between this pest and its natural enemies. In this study, Menochilus sexmaculatus F. was evalu-ated as a possible biological control agent of B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The study was conducted at the experimental station of the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVeGRI) in Lembang, West Java (1,250 m above sea level) from August to December 2008. The experimental plots consisted of 0.35 ha of tomato (± 100 m2 per plot) and spatially separated with four rows of maize (a minimum of 1 m) inter-plot distance to prevent cross-contamination among plots. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. M. sexmaculatus were released at 24 days after planting. The treatments were designed according dosages and schedules at three released populations (i.e. 10 predators per plot, 20 predators per plot, and 10 predators per plot at vegetative stage followed by 20 predators per plot at generative stage); two places of release (center and edge of the plot); and two schedules of release (weekly and biweekly). Efficacy of the predator was measured in terms of the density of B. tabaci, both before and after release of the predator and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The result indicated the potential use of M. sexmaculatus to control B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation on tomato. Reductions in B. tabaci populations and subsequent tomato yields were significant. B. tabaci population in plots receiving 10 predators showed 73.62% and 75.75% reductions by the end of experiment. The incidence and intensity of Gemini virus were consistently and significantly lowest and tomato yield gain was observed when 10 predators were released at weekly intervals. It is suggested that release of M. sexmaculatus against B. tabaci on tomato may be offered as an alternative solution to increase implementation of biologically-based B. tabaci management. <br /><br />

POTENCY OF PREDATOR (Menochilus sexmaculatus) AUGMENTATION FOR WHITE FLY (Bemisia tabaci) MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON GEMINI VIRUS INFESTATION ON TOMATO

Bemisia tabaci (Gen.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most serious pests on tomato. It is mainly controlled by chemi-cal means, requiring some 25 sprays during the average growing season. The extensive and repeated use of insecticides has dis-rupted the natural balance between this pest and its natural enemies. In this study, Menochilus sexmaculatus F. was evalu-ated as a possible biological control agent of B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The study was conducted at the experimental station of the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVeGRI) in Lembang, West Java (1,250 m above sea level) from August to December 2008. The experimental plots consisted of 0.35 ha of tomato (± 100 m2 per plot) and spatially separated with four rows of maize (a minimum of 1 m) inter-plot distance to prevent cross-contamination among plots. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. M. sexmaculatus were released at 24 days after planting. The treatments were designed according dosages and schedules at three released populations (i.e. 10 predators per plot, 20 predators per plot, and 10 predators per plot at vegetative stage followed by 20 predators per plot at generative stage); two places of release (center and edge of the plot); and two schedules of release (weekly and biweekly). Efficacy of the predator was measured in terms of the density of B. tabaci, both before and after release of the predator and its effect on Gemini virus infestation. The result indicated the potential use of M. sexmaculatus to control B. tabaci and its effect on Gemini virus infestation on tomato. Reductions in B. tabaci populations and subsequent tomato yields were significant. B. tabaci population in plots receiving 10 predators showed 73.62% and 75.75% reductions by the end of experiment. The incidence and intensity of Gemini virus were consistently and significantly lowest and tomato yield gain was observed when 10 predators were released at weekly intervals. It is suggested that release of M. sexmaculatus against B. tabaci on tomato may be offered as an alternative solution to increase implementation of biologically-based B. tabaci management. <br /><br />

Uji Ketahanan terhadap Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus pada Beberapa Galur Tomat

Infeksi virus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) merupakan salah satu penyebab rendahnya produksi tomat di Indonesia. TYLCV termasuk ke dalam kelompok Gemini virus yang ditularkan oleh kutukebul (whitefly = Bemisia tabaci). Pengendalian virus TYLCV yang aman dan menguntungkan ialah dengan penggunaan varietas tahan yang merupakan salah satu cara pengendalian hayati penyakit virus. Cara ini mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan pengendalian menggunakan pestisida dan kultur teknis. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan 30 galur tomat terhadap virus TYLCV. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran di Lembang pada ketinggian 1250 m dpl.. Penelitian dilakukan dari Bulan Agustus sampai dengan Desember 2008. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok yang diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga galur tomat termasuk ke dalam kelompok agak tahan (moderate resistance) yaitu Mirah, 5048, dan 1927 dengan intensitas serangan virus berkisar 11,85–18,98%. Delapan galur tomat termasuk ke dalam kelompok agak rentan (moderate susceptible) yaitu 1176, 823, CL-6064, 1941, 2208, 4377, 4507, dan 1184 dengan intensitas serangan virus berkisar antara 20,55–29,81%. Empat belas galur tomat termasuk ke dalam kelompok rentan (susceptible) yaitu CLN 2026 – 3, CLN – 399, LV 3644, Oval, 5016, 1450, 1923, 1426, 3075, 2204, 4574, 2245, 4968, dan 4491 dengan intensitas serangan virus berkisar 30,92–49,94%. Lima galur tomat termasuk ke dalam kelompok sangat rentan (highly susceptible) yaitu 1217, TKU, 4444, 5014, dan PETO#86 dengan intensitas serangan virus berkisar 51,85–69,14%. Virus TYLCV berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan bobot buah tomat.