Three Formulations of Cognitive Skepticism: Nāgārjuna, Jayarāśi, and Śrīharṣa

This paper provides a study of the three most famous skeptical thinkers of classical India, examining both their commonalities and unique differences. Adepts of the controversial debate methodology called vitaṇḍā, “negative debate,” these thinkers manage to challenge the very possibility of knowledge, while espousing (at least nominal) allegiance to distinct schools of thought. They also pass negative judgement on the possibility of certainty while appealing to rational persuasion. This paper explores these paradoxes and possible contradictions, with a culminating reflection of the role of the “two truths,” ultimate vs. everyday perspectives.

Negative Truth

Truths are supposed to be made true by something that exists, such as a fact, according to truthmaker theory. What, though, of apparent truths concerning what is not the case? How can they be made true by something that is? This paradox of negative judgement has been re-articulated by Molnar. We must either meet his challenge, of identifying the positive truthmakers for the negative truths, or we must reject at least one of the premises that jointly entailed that there were such truthmakers. Attempts to solve this problem have all failed. Candidate positive truthmakers usually rely on smuggling in some negative aspect. It also looks difficult to reject any of Molnar’s premises since doing so comes at a seemingly high price. At present, this problem remains unresolved.

Concept Negation in Kant

Kant distinguishes concept negation from copula negation. While the latter results in a negative judgement, i.e. a judgement denying a property of certain objects, the former gives rise to a negative concept, such as ‘immortal’. Since Kant’s remarks on concept negation are scattered and inconclusive, five interpretations are worked out and put to the test: logical negation, pseudo-negation, attribution of a zero degree, possibility-restricted negation and genus-restricted negation. Whereas the first four interpretations fail for a number of reasons, genus-restricted negation turns out to be tenable.

Appraisal Analysis of Tempo’s and Kompas’ Editorials on Papua Cases

This study is entitled Appraisal Analysis of Tempo’s and Kompas’ Editorials on Papua Cases. This research aims to find what kind of appraisal items used in Tempo’s editorial entitled “Misunderstanding Papua” and in Kompas’ entitled “Exodus and Urgent Action”, as well as to describe the differences between them in term of appraisal. Descriptive qualitative were used as the research method. Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2007) theories regarding appraisal are used as the theoretical framework. Firstly, the editorials that talked about Papuan demonstration in September 23, 2019 were collected from Tempo’s and Kompas’ website. The data obtained were analyzed by identifying the appraising items in each clause. Then, the clauses containing appraising items were classified into the appropriate kind of appraisal items. After that, each appraisal items found were explained and the meaning behind were interpreted. And the last, drew the conclusion. The result reveals that in term of attitude, Tempo’s editorial uses more negative judgement and the appraised item is mostly the government. It shows that Tempo is not afraid to criticize the government. Meanwhile Kompas uses more negative affect and the appraised items are mainly Papuan people and the condition in Papua. It shows that Kompas chooses to express their sympathy more to those affected by the riots. In term of graduation, both editorials use more force than focus, especially intensification, to raise/emphasize their evaluation. As for engagement, Tempo and Kompas use more monogloss than heterogloss. This shows that opinions from both editorials mostly come from the writer only.Keywords: Appraisal, Attitude, Graduation, Engagement, Editorial

Dining alone: improving the experience of solo restaurant goers

Purpose Solo travel for leisure and business is increasing. It is therefore timely to conduct research into the experiences of solo tourists. This paper aims to explore one aspect of the solo tourist experience that can be challenging, that of dining alone. This topic has received little attention in the tourism or hospitality literature. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted and narrative inquiry was selected as the optimum route to obtain detailed and rich accounts of the experiences of solo diners. In-depth interviews of 27 solo tourists were conducted with varying socio-demographic characteristics. Findings This study shows that though travelling alone is prized by participants, dining alone, especially in the evening, is often discomfiting. Discomfort is caused by the perceived negative judgement of others and is mitigated by the use of various props such as books and mobile phones. Research limitations/implications A research agenda is put forward on the aspects of the solo tourist/diner experience. Practical implications The paper concludes by asking what can be done to ameliorate the solo dining experience and provides some recommendations to hospitality operators to support this market and improve competitiveness and profitability. The paper shows that inclusive environments can attract multiple market segments and agile restaurants can develop both solo and plural dining experiences. Originality/value This paper addresses a topic that has received limited scholarly attention as well as industry engagement despite the growth in solo travel.

Politeness as a Linguistic Device in Response to the Speech Act of Modesty

The context in which the speech act of modesty takes place has a considerable impact on the formation of meaning as well as the determination of the illocutionary force behind the modesty act. This context might include different speech acts, such as admiration, approval, and praise. Modesty can be either positive or negative. In positive modesty, i.e. sincere modesty, the speaker expresses his true feeling of respect and politeness. Thus, he or she conforms to accepted norms of expressing modesty in a society. In negative modesty, i.e. insincere modesty, the speaker deviates from those norms. To be modest is to be polite; therefore, responses given to the act of modesty include a range of different speech acts. Positive modesty entails the acts of approval, praise, admiration, and a request to end modesty, whereas negative modesty leads to the acts of disapproval, negative judgement, denial, reproach, and a request to end flattery. High modesty is indicative of a polite and modest person, while low modesty is suggestive of an impolite and egoistic person. Excessive and low modesty form an unfriendly and unequal interaction.

The Portrayal of the Thebans in the Works of Xenophon

It is traditionally considered that Xenophon intentionally suppresses the image of the Theban commanders in his work “Hellenika”, where even Epaminondas - the winner of The Battle of Leuctra – is not mentioned by name. The suppression of the commanders is often explained by his disaffection towards the Thebans, because of his participance in The Battle of Coronea supporting Sparta against the Thebans. Furthermore, he lost his son Gryllus fighting the Thebans at Mantinea. At our point of view, this negative judgement of Xenophon’s view on Thebes and the Thebans is explained first of all by Athens’ traditional education, which created a negative literary tradition towards Thebes. The literary tradition was established long before Xenophon’s existence and continued after him. The tradition was established as response to the border conflicts between the Thebans and the Athenians, that continued during archaic and classical periods of the history of Greece. The anti-Theban literary tradition is also supported by evidence of material culture, namely the border system of defense. Studying these materials, allows us to conclude that at the time of Xenophon, in the first half of the 4th century BC, at a time when their oppositions escalated against each other, the Athenians and the Thebans literally observed each other over the fortress walls. With regard to Xenophon, his hatred against the Thebans is mostly visible in his work “Hellenika”. The main argument that Xenophon uses is retelling of Pelopidas’ speech that he gives at the court of the Persian king, where the first thing he mentions is the Thebans’ pro-Persian attitude. Epaminondas is mentioned in the “Hellenika” only in episodes of his career as a commander where he cannot achieve his goals or develop past success.

PENGARUH FAKTOR-FAKTOR STRESS KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PADA PERAWAT RUMAH SAKIT DI KABUPATEN TUBAN

The purpose of this research is to find out how far the stress in the work place that suffered by nurses can effect their working performance. The researcher is interested in observing the effect of the stress in the work place on nurses’ working performance in Tuban Region because the nurses in doing their jobs are suspected to have heavy working stress. That’s because a nurse is faced to a specific job and put his/her service as a priority for the sick patients who is suffering from their deseases. The effect of patients’ behavior and even their families makes a nurse working extra hard in order to keep out the negative judgement against the hospital where they work. The result of this research found that working stress attributes which are: Administrative Policies and Strategies, Organizational Structure and Designs, Organizational Process and Working Conditions significantly effect a nurses working performance in the hospital in Tuban Region. This is important to know because a nurse plays an important role as a paramedic in giving his/her contribution to the patients regarding to heal their deseases.

FREGE ON NEGATIVE JUDGEMENT AND ASSERTION*

ABSTRACT In “Die Verneinung” (1918), Frege discusses two types of negation, a semantic one and a pragmatic one. Semantic negation consists in the application of the logical function denoted by ‘it is false that p’ to a thought, and pragmatic negation in the act of asserting or judging a thought as false. According to the standard interpretation, Frege does not acknowledge pragmatic negation, because it is logically redundant. He therefore rejects the classical dualistic view that both truth and falsity are qualities of judgement and adopts instead the monistic view that to judge is always to recognize a thought as true. My aim in this paper is to show that this interpretation cannot be sustained. Though Frege does not endorse the classical view, he defends a dualistic conception that is characterized by the claim that judging is a binary operation that contains both the act of recognizing a thought as true and the act of rejecting the opposite thought as false. To make this interpretation plausible, Frege’s dualistic remarks on negation in three posthumous writings, which have received little attention so far, are analyzed in detail and their background is reconstructed. It is argued that Frege acknowledges negative judgements to account for the epistemic role of the act of judgement in the acquisition of knowledge.