Achieving Semantic Consistency for Multilingual Sentence Representation Using an Explainable Machine Natural Language Parser (MParser)

In multilingual semantic representation, the interaction between humans and computers faces the challenge of understanding meaning or semantics, which causes ambiguity and inconsistency in heterogeneous information. This paper proposes a Machine Natural Language Parser (MParser) to address the semantic interoperability problem between users and computers. By leveraging a semantic input method for sharing common atomic concepts, MParser represents any simple English sentence as a bag of unique and universal concepts via case grammar of an explainable machine natural language. In addition, it provides a human and computer-readable and -understandable interaction concept to resolve the semantic shift problems and guarantees consistent information understanding among heterogeneous sentence-level contexts. To evaluate the annotator agreement of MParser outputs that generates a list of English sentences under a common multilingual word sense, three expert participants manually and semantically annotated 75 sentences (505 words in total) in English. In addition, 154 non-expert participants evaluated the sentences’ semantic expressiveness. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed MParser shows higher compatibility with human intuitions.

Towards an Automated Model-Based Test Generation Approach from Controlled Natural Language Specifications Written in Arabic

<div>We propose a new model-based testing approach which takes as input a set of requirements described in Arabic Controlled Natural Language (CNL) which is a subset of the Arabic language generated by a specific grammar. The semantics of the considered requirements is defined using the Case Grammar Theory (CTG). The requirements are translated into Transition Relations which serve as an input for test cases generation tools.</div>

Towards an Automated Model-Based Test Generation Approach from Controlled Natural Language Specifications Written in Arabic

<div>We propose a new model-based testing approach which takes as input a set of requirements described in Arabic Controlled Natural Language (CNL) which is a subset of the Arabic language generated by a specific grammar. The semantics of the considered requirements is defined using the Case Grammar Theory (CTG). The requirements are translated into Transition Relations which serve as an input for test cases generation tools.</div>

Nauczanie gramatyki języka obcego a podejście zadaniowe

While there is a consensus that teaching grammar is now indispensable in most educational contexts, there still exist numerous controversies as to how this should most beneficially be done. They concern, among others, such issues as the choice of instructional options to be used in order to introduce and practice grammar structures or to provide corrective feedback on errors made in the use of such structures (cf. Loewen, 2020; Nassaji, 2017; Pawlak, 2014, 2020a). On a more general level, a question arises as to the optimal way of organizing the material to be taught, with consequences for the overall approach to grammar instruction. One influential alternative to a structural syllabus, in which case grammar structures are carefully preselected and sequenced, is task-based language teaching, which can be conceptualized and implemented in various ways (cf. Ellis, 2017, 2018). The paper discusses the role of grammar in the task-based approach, also taking into account techniques and procedures that can be employed for this purpose. An overview of existing empirical evidence will be presented and an attempt will be made to highlight the way in which communicative tasks can be used to assist grammar teaching in the Polish educational context.

Case grammar in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on Charles J. Fillmore’s Perspective

The sentences spoken by the actors in the dialogue contained in the film “the Professor and the Madman” consist of a variety of structures that form a grammatical construction, so that the sentences can be understood and the dialogue can run well and smoothly. In the context of Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar, the various structures that form a grammatical construction in a sentence are called modality and proposition. In a line with that background, the purposes of the research are: (1) to reveal the modality in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore; (2) to describe the proposition in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore. This research is qualitative, descriptive and literary research. The data source in this research is film “the Professor and the Madman” directed by P.B. Shemran. The data collection techniques in this research use watching, reading-listening and taking note. The data analysis techniques consist of three stages, namely: (1) choosing and classifying data based on modality and its forms; and proposition and its forms; (2) illustrating and writing down case grammar elements and their forms on the table, explaining them sequentially and interpreting them based on Charles J. Fillmore’s perspective; and (3) conducting the induction of interpretation summary to obtain substantive and formative conclusions. The results are: (1) modality has types, including tense: past, present and future; mode: desiderative, imperative, indicative, and interrogative; negation: no and not; adverb: frequency, manner, degree, quantity, and explanatory; (2) there are several types of proposition. They are agentive case (A): first personal pronoun, second pronoun, and third pronoun; experiential case (E): verb (basic) and verb (modal); instrumental case (I): noun and sense; objective case (O): human and thing; source case (S): noun phrase and noun; goal case (G): human and place; locative case (L): area, part of house, and office; time case (T): part of the day, year, and century; collateral case (C): with + noun; and benefactive case: for + noun. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that if a sentence is viewed from the case grammar theory, then it must have an inner structure consisting of modality and or proposition. Modality and proposition consist of types and each of types has the various forms.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHERPA AND NEPALI LANGUAGE ON THE BASIS OF CASE

Sherpa language spoken by Sherpas, the inhabitants of Himalayan region, falls on Tibeto-Burman language family. While comparing the case grammar of Sherpa language and Nepali language both have similarly types of case and case marker (Bibhakti). Sherpa Subjective case takes ki suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [le]. Sherpa objective case takes la suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [lai]. Instrumental case takes ki/gi] suffix as case marker in sherpa and Nepali case takes le/ ba;ta. Dative case take la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [lai]. Ablative case takes tja:su as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ba:ta/ ᵭekhi]. Locative case takes la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ma] and possessive case takes ki as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes[ ro/ no/ ko]. Sherpa language and Nepali language are similar on the basis of case grammar study. The sentence structure in Sherpa language is different from Nepali language. There is no gender system in this language. Verbs are not changed on the basis of number either. SPECIAL WORDS: Tibeto-Burman, Sambhota Script, Kham, tan, Linguistic Universal.

Specificity of Cognate Nouns and Adjectives Functioning

Introduction. The aim of the article is to determine whether syntactic behavior of linguistic unit depends on its part-of-speech identity or only its semantics. The importance of the research is determined by the absence of systematic description of the specificity of cognate words functioning in linguistics.Methodology and sources. The research deals with the cognate nouns and adjectives functioning. According to the classification of semantic types of predicates developed by A. G. Eliseeva, O. N. Seliverstova we define the researched predicates as the ones denoting state. These predicates are studied in terms of case grammar, i. e. they are compared in the aspect of an argument structure realization. In determining the semantic cases of predicates, we mainly rely on the set of semantic cases proposed by V. V. Bogdanov.Results and discussion. It is shown that the analyzed nouns, as a rule, expressing given or known information require a lower number of cases in its explicit forms which still can be implicit. The researched adjectives that usually denote new information are accompanied by a higher number of cases in a surface structure. These predicates also differ in the forms of their arguments.Conclusion. The revealed features of cognate nouns and adjectives functioning show the significant influence of the form of linguistic unit on syntactic behavior and indicate that formation of syntactic structures is not only determined by semantics.

GENITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF EPONYMOUS TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Мета пропонованого дослідження – розглянути генетивні конструкції англійського медичного терміна-епоніма з огляду на дворівневу систему відмінків.Методи. У роботі використано такі методи лінгвістичного аналізу:порівняльно-історичний (щобпрослідкувати еволюцію родового відмінка в англійській мові); структурний (для виявлення відношень між елементами англійських медичних термі-нів-епонімів); описовий (уможливив інтерпретацію генетивних конструкцій англійських медичних термінів-епонімів та їхніх присвійних формантів на сучасному етапі розвитку англійської мови).Результати. Морфологічні зміни, які відбулися в середньоанглійський період, призвели до того, що всі відмінки, окрім родо-вого, асимілювали свої закінчення в називний. Таким чином, англійська мова втратила свою систему відмінків, залишивши для іменників тільки загальний, тобто common case, та родовий, який здебільшого співвідноситься із присвійним, так званим posses-sive case. Така дворівнева граматична модель зумовила те, що родовий відмінок досить складно ідентифікувати через численні інтерпретації, а саме родові відношення можуть позначати приналежність, походження, опис, вимірювання, виконувати атри-бутивну роль тощо. Якщо загальний відмінок виражається за допомогою порядку слів, то, у свою чергу, родовий відмінок має синтаксичний і морфологічний способи творення.Висновки. В англійській медичній термінології термін-епонім – це субстантиноване словосполучення, пропріативний ком-понент якого відображає категорію родового відмінка. Генетивні конструкції щодо пропріативного компонента терміна-епоні-ма англійської медичної термінології мають такі форми вираження: 1) за допомогою присвійного форманта, а саме апострофта ’s, як от Wells’ syndrome чи Kahler’s disease; 2) прийменників, як от paracusis of Willis чи osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles;3) за допомогою флексій -ian/-ic, як от Pickwickian syndrome, Hippocratic nails чи класичної латинізованої форми родового від-мінка однини, i.e. torcular Herophili. З огляду на зростаючу тенденцію відмови від апострофа категорія присвійного відмінка зі значенням приналежності поступово зникає, а такі способи його вираження, як апостроф, флексії та прийменники, призводять до того, що пропріативний компонент виконує роль атрибутивного модифікатора, нівелюючи посесивну функцію. The purpose of the research aimed to study the genitive constructions of English medical eponymous terms concerning the two-case grammar system.Methods. The following methods of linguistic analysis are used in the paper: comparative-historical (to trace the evolution of the genitive case; structural (to identify genitive relations between elements of eponymous terms); descriptive (allows interpreting the genetive constructions of English medical eponymous terms and their possessive forms at the present stage of development of the English language).Results.Morphological changes that took place in the Middle English period led to the fact that all cases, except the genitive, lost their endings and assimilated into the nominative. Thus, the English language has lost its case system, leaving for nouns only the common case, and the genitive case, which is correlated with the possession, the possessive case, respectively.Such a two-case grammar system has caused that the genitive case is quite difficult to identify due to numerous interpretations. Genitive relations can indicate affiliation, origin, description, measurement, perform an attributive role and, the like. Since the common case is expressed by word order, then, in turn, the genitive case has syntactic and morphological ways of formation.Conclusions. In English medical terminology, the eponymous term is a substantivized phrase, the proprial component of which reflects the category of the genitive case. Genetive constructions concerning the proprial component of the eponymous term in English medical terminology have the following forms of expression: 1) by means of a possessive formant, namely an apostrophe and ’s, such as Wells’ syndrome or Kahler’s disease; 2) prepositions, namely paracusis of Willis or osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles; 3) with the help of inflections -ian / -ic, namely Pickwickian syndrome, Hippocratic nails or the classical Latinized form of the genitive singular, i.e. torcular Herophili. Due to the evidence of the apostrophe’s, the category of the possessive case with the meaning of belonging disappears gradually, and such ways of its expression as apostrophe, inflection and prepositions lead to the fact that the proprial component acts as an attributive modifier eliminating the possessive function.

A Case for Grace? Case-Grammar, Frame-Semantics, and Biblical Hebrew חֵן

The traditional rendering “grace” for חֵן is controversial. Frame semantics, a theory originating in cognitive linguistics, anticipates that prototypical situations are evoked in language users’ minds each time a word is used. Thus, a “frame” for “חֵן situations” is reconstructed from Biblical texts. Apart from the basic meaning “beauty” which is offered in dictionaries, too, an extended meaning is presented: חֵן designates “the settling of a (potential) conflict between two parties that only one party can bring to a conclusion.”