IMAGE OF "FOREIGN HOMELAND" IN RAINER RILKE’S AND MARINA TSVETAEVA’S POETRY

The article deals with the image of a “foreign homeland” illustrated by the example of the poetic heritage of Rainer Rilke and Marina Tsvetaeva. The the concept of “homeland” is defined, and the features of the adaptation process in a new cultural and social environment are identified. The attitude of both poets to their homeland are studied via the analysis of their poetry. Rilke and Tsvetaeva were the representatives of different mentalities, who were not only interested in German and Russian cultures, respectively, but also considered themselves part of them. The authors of the article came to the conclusion that the understanding of the homeland is connected not only with its elevation, but also with the acceptance of all realities, both positive and negative, in the context of time, as well as the social, cultural and political situation. Rilke’s and Tsvetaeva’s perception of their “spiritual homeland” was one-sided and focused only on the positive perception, since the poets “poetized” Russia and Germany not paying attention to reality. Thus, it can be said that the poets failed to fully comprehend their contradictory “spiritual homelands”, which were in the very center of the social chaos and social upheavals of the early XX century.

LEONID ANDREYEV’S AND PÄR LAGERKVIST’S WORKS IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPRESSIONISM: THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

The article substantiates the classification of the creative methods of Leonid Andreyev (1871-1917) and Pär Lagerkvist (1891-1974) as expressionistic. Expressionism was the leading art and literature direction in the early XX century. The authors trace back the Russian and foreign academic tradition of viewing certain periods of these writers’ creative career as expressionistic. This tradition is based on some of the characteristics present in their works, such as heightened expression, one-dimensional characters, static scenes, grotesque forms, colour contrasts, the depiction of a chaotic world, and a nervous and alienated person within it. The authors come to the conclusion that the expressionist works of Leonid Andreyev and Pär Lagerkvist can be most effectively compared by employing the historical typological method developed by Victor Zhirmunsky.

SAINT NICHOLAS CHURCH IN UNEZHMA VILLAGE: HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE

The article deals with a relatively unknown monument of wooden architecture – the Saint Nicholas Church (1824) in Unezhma village of the Onega District in the Arkhangelsk Region. The monument is extremely hard to reach, and it is located in a unique natural environment. The church stands out due to its architecture; however, it is poorly studied in terms of its construction history, architectural and artistic features, and interconnections with regional traditions. The church is described together with the bell tower built in 1792 as an architectural complex existing for more than four hundred years. The study is based on historical archival sources and on-site survey results. The authors traced the construction history of the Saint Nicholas Church and identified its construction stages. The appearance of the building at each construction stage was substantiated and presented through graphical reconstructions. The building was compared to similar structures found in the Onega Pomorye, and its specific architectural features were exposed. The building was also studied from the structural point of view. Based on the results of the comparison with similar structures and the analysis of their historical changes, the author made some conclusions about the original design of the church top. Historical data on the preceding church were interpreted and used to create its graphical reconstruction, together with the analysis of local architectural traditions. Thus, the article brings to light the construction history and development of the Unezhma church complex. The architecture of the Saint Nicholas Church and the bell tower has its distinctive features, but it ultimately conforms to the church-building traditions of the Onega Pomorye.

RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AMONG LOCAL POPULATION FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ARCTIC KARELIA (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE EXPEDITION IN JUNE 2021)

The article examines the results of the sociological surveys among the local population of the Kalevala National District aimed at assessing the current understanding of trends in the preservation and development of human capital. The need to update these concepts is directly related to the continuation of the state social policy in the field of education, healthcare, demography, social infrastructure, and high-performance jobs based on the mass digitalization of the Russian economy within the framework of national projects between 2019 and 2024. Some of the results are included in the context of the article as the examples of the author’s point of view.

POSSIBILITIES OF EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE

The problems of modern psychology are immense, and there are many different directions, methods, approaches. All of them actively represent themselves both in the professional and public sphere, which is a positive thing, but you should think about the internal essence of mass psychological content. Psychology asks questions about processes, about changes in the mental, but not about what the mental is and, most importantly, it does not ask questions about the conscious. This is addressed by existentially oriented philosophy the use of which in physiological practice seems necessary and meaningful.

LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION AND PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

The author argues that understanding crisis phenomena in an education system, as well as conditions of upgrading this system, is connected with development of a philosophy of education focused on such categories as language and communication. The heuristic and productive nature of theory of communicative action and hermeneutics is shown while comprehending the specific nature of learning environment where a pedagogical interaction between a teacher and students is carried out. Taking into account the ideas of J. Habermas, H. G. Gadamer and L. Wittgenstein, it is shown that education is a process of human development if it is organised as a process of searching for and generating meanings by the students. This educational process model corresponding to essential human need for self-understanding and self-expression.

CONSTRUCTION AND SPECIFICITY OF POLITICAL MYTH AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DIALOGUE AND INFLUENCE

This work analyzes political mythologization, in particular within the framework of the dialectical confrontation between the artificial images of the “Messiah” and the “World Demon”. The purpose of the work is to identify the constructive and functional features of a political myth with a specific teleological purpose. Among others, an important task is to identify the destructive trends caused by the speculative influence of a political myth. The research methodology includes the dialectical method used as a tool for investigating the internal contradictions of the political myth phenomenon This method was also used to analyze the opposition of two artificial images (the “Messiah” and the “World Demon”). The analysis of authenticity (as the correspondence between positioning and content) of political mythologization as a kind of speculative system was used to identify its specifics of functioning and impact on the objects that are the main targets. This method in combination with the primary deconstruction of a monolithic myth is necessary for the subsequent synthesis of the obtained results. The modeling method allowed us to form the characteristic features of a political myth. Some elements of ethical and psychological approaches, as well as the approaches of religious studies were also used to fix the pragmatic and speculative aspects of a political myth. The following results were obtained: 1) aestheticization is an important component of a political myth; 2) for all their seeming abstractness, the images of political mythologization have pragmatic literality; 3) the parasitical nature of political mythologization was revealed; 4) the relativity of the concepts of freedom and individuality in a political myth was shown; 5) the aspect of conformism and pragmatism of political mythologization was established; 6) political myths create conditions for destructive behavior and attitudes.

INCONSISTENCY OF UTOPIAN CONSCIOSNESS

Utopia is undoubtedly an integral part of human culture, since it is impossible to imagine a person who would not dream of paradise shores. But as widespread as utopia is, it is also obscure. Perhaps in order to shed light on the mystery of the essence of utopia, it is necessary to turn to utopian consciousness. Namely we need to analyze utopian consciousness itself, as well as its character and features, hoping to eventually get an unambiguous understanding of what utopian consciousness is and where it originates from, thereby getting closer to utopia itself. The article presents an attempt at such an analysis.