The Characteristics of Liquid Soap with Additional Variations of Moringa Seed Extract (Moringa oleifera L.)

Soap is a cleaning compound formed from the reaction between fatty acid compounds and alkaline bases. Various types of soap have been circulating in the market, one of which is liquid soap. Liquid soap that has antibacterial abilities is needed by many people. Moringa seed extract is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an active ingredient in making liquid soap because it can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the addition of extracts and to obtain the best extract concentration treatment on physical, chemical, and organoleptic. The addition of moringa seed extract used was administered at 3%, 5%, and 7%. Data analysis was carried out by applying the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with a significant level of 5%. The De Garmo method was used to formulate the best liquid soap recommendation among various treatments. The results showed that the addition of moringa seed extract had a significant effect on the parameters of free alkali content, viscosity, specific gravity, antibacterial activity, and organoleptic. The best recommendation for liquid soap is a soap with a concentration of 7% with specific gravity characteristics of 1.066 g/ml, the viscosity of 1.983 cP, pH value of 10.53, foaming power of 5.63 cm, foam stability of 94.64%, and free alkali content of 0.023%, and the antibacterial ability against S. aureus bacteria (clear zone) was 19.17 mm.

Interfacial Behaviour of Saponin Based Surfactant for Potential Application in Cleaning

Amphiphilic molecules reduce the surface tension of the aqueous medium and are widely used in industrial and domestic applications due to this property. Nowadays, amphiphilic molecules on a natural basis are in great demand to replace synthetic surfactants and thus contribute to the reduction of environmental problems. Approximately 60% of the material based on surfactants end up in seawater, which is dangerous for aquatic life. We are proposing a new type of material, which is a surfactant on a natural basis, biodegradable and an environmentally friendly alternative. Here we focus on tea saponin and study its properties such as surface tension, foaming, skin mildness, cleanability. Tea is naturally acidic, reduces the surface tension to 31.4 mN/m, has a greater foaming power, is ultra-mild to skin, and has excellent cleaning properties. The results show that tea has excellent surface activity, which is why tea can be used as a green substitute for synthetic surfactants.

Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine

Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Zeolit sebagai Builder Agent terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Cair

This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of zeolite as a buider agent in liquid detergent. Zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using solution to gel (sol-gel) method, followed by hydrothermal and then characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized zeolite was then formulated into liquid detergent with sodium lauryl sulfate, glycerin, citric acid, colouring agent, parfume, and three concentrations of zeolite, i.e.: 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 25% (F3). Liquid detergent was prepared by mixing process using stirrer. The characterizations of liquid detergents were including pH, viscosity, specific gravity, foaming power, foam stability, and detergency power. The XRD showed that the zeolite was type-A zeolite. Moreover, the characterization showed that zeolite with varying concentrations tend to influence in pH, viscosity, and detergency power but relatively similar in specific gravity, foaming power, and foam stability. The result indicated that the detergents with zeolite have better cleaning ability than the control (without builder) and the comparator detergents (with STPP builder). The higher the concentration of zeolite, the higher the detergency power. Therefore, F3 was recommended as formula of detergent with the best detergency power.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste for Treatment of Oral Disease

Streptococcus mutans is the most common cause of tooth decay. Parabens and other commonly used as anti-Streptococcus agents in toothpaste industry have numerous side effects such as discoloration of teeth. The herbal extract of all three plants gives antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity and prevent and reducing the tooth decay, dental caries and given to freshness of mouth. The aim of present work was development and evaluation of herbal antimicrobial toothpaste containing Bark of Acacia nilotica, Acacia catechu and flower buds of syzygium aromaticum as herbal ingredients. Different types of formulations (F1-F6) were formulated using calcium carbonate as abrasive and Glycerine as humectant in varied concentrations. All the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like dryness, color, appearance, consistency, washability, pH, spreadability and foaming power. Polyherbal toothpaste containing hydroalcoholic extract of plants was tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans with different concentrations of toothpaste were used (25, 50and 100 mg/ml). Among the tested bacteria used Staphylococcus aureus was found to be most sensitive to the formulated toothpaste as seen by zone of inhibition (19-24 mm) followed by Streptococcus mutans (13-18 mm). The results showed that the formulated polyherbal toothpaste is promising antimicrobial effects against both organisms. It may be safer compared to fully synthetic toothpaste. Further studies are warranted to prove safety and efficacy of the formulated polyherbal toothpaste. Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, Acacia nilotica, Acacia catechu, syzygium aromaticum, polyherbal toothpaste

The foaming dynamic characteristics of polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is a kind of polymer composite material. The foaming turgidity and reaction temperature of polyurethane foam are closely related to its mechanical properties. According to our present knowledge, this study is the first time that fiber optic sensing technology has been applied to monitor the dynamics change in the foaming turgidity and reaction temperature of polyurethane foam during its preparation. The effects on the foaming expansion force, contractile force, and reaction temperature are studied through changing proportion of water among the ingredients of the polyurethane foam. The results have shown that the fiber optic Bragg grating wavelength varies due to the reaction temperature and foaming power. In the reaction process, the foaming expansion force can make the maximum wavelength change of fiber optic Bragg grating 1–3.5 nm, equivalent to 1000–3541 micro strain. And the highest temperature of the reaction was 42.6°C. The wavelength shifts of the fiber optic Bragg gratings were closely related to the reaction temperature and foaming power. The results show that fiber optic sensing technology can be used for the online kinetics monitoring of the reaction process of polyurethane foam plastics. The data obtained from the fiber optic Bragg grating could be used for the design and performance prediction of new polyurethane foam materials.

Aqueous Solutions of Polyethoxylated Fatty Alcohols Rheological behavior and superficial properties

The paper presents the study of the rheological and superficial behavior (foaming power and wetting capacity) of some aqueous solutions with polyethoxylated fatty alcohols content. The influence of fatty alcohols concentration and their degree of ethoxylation as well as that of temperature on the rheological behavior was determined from the dependences between the shear stress t and the shear rate. The results demonstrate that all the studied solutions have non-Newtonian behavior, with flow behavior index smaller than 1.

Physico Chemical Properties of Whey Protein and Gelatine Biopolymer Using Tea Leaf Extract as Crosslink Materials

The purpose of this research was to extract tea leaf phenols using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method at 3 levels of microwave power (high, medium high and medium) and investigated the influence of physco chemical properties of whey protein and gelatine biopolymer using tea leaf extract as crosslink materials at different concentration (5%, 10% and 15% (v/v)). MAE method gave significantly effect on phenolic content. High level power of MAE gave higher phenolic content of tea leaves extracts. Tea leaves extracts as crosslinked agent of biopolymer gave highly significant effect on the stability of the emulsion, the emulsion activity and foaming power. SDS-PAGE protein profile showed increase molecular weight with the addition of tea leaf extract, it can be presumed presence crosslinked both on whey protein or gelatine.