Phenomenal Explanationism

This chapter incorporates a sophisticated version of PC (one that draws on the distinctions between kinds of appearances that explained in Chapter 3) into a broader explanationist framework to produce the view that is defended in this book: Phenomenal Explanationism (PE). Explanationism is an account of evidential support, i.e., of how and when evidence supports particular doxastic attitudes toward propositions. However, on its own, Explanationism does not say what evidence is or when one has a particular bit of information as evidence. This is true even when Explanationism is construed, as this chapter does, in terms of mentalist evidentialism. As a theory of evidential support, mentalist Explanationism leaves open which mental states constitute one’s evidence. Explanationism can thus be readily combined with different theories of evidence and evidence possession. If PC is understood as a theory of basic evidence, the sophisticated version of PC can be combined with Explanationism. This chapter introduces a specific version of Explanationism and describes how this variant of PC can be incorporated into it to produce PE. It also describes how PE accounts for both non-inferential and inferential justification (both deductive and inductive). Finally, it explores how PE overcomes the challenges to PC raised in Chapter 2.

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review

Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.

Innovating Big Tech firms and competition policy: favoring dynamic over static competition

This paper gives a fresh account of competition in the digital economy. Economic analysis in the field of industrial organization remains largely focused on a sophisticated version of the Schumpeter–Arrow debate, which is unresolved and largely irrelevant. We posit the need to look at competition anew. Static models of monopoly firms and markets in equilibrium are often used to characterize Big Tech firms’ size and scope. We suggest that this characterization is inappropriate because the growth and diversification of many digital firms lead to a situation of broad-spectrum competition that cuts across markets. Current market positions do not reflect entrenched monopoly power but are vulnerable to competitive pressure of disequilibrating forces arising from the use of data-driven operating models, astute resource orchestration, and the exercise of dynamic capabilities. A few strategic errors by management in the handling of internal transitions and/or external challenges and they could be competitively impaired. The implications of a more dynamic understanding of the competition process in the tech sector are explored. We consider how big data and entrepreneurial management impacts firm performance. We also explore the nature of different types of rents (Schumpeterian, Ricardian, and monopoly rents) and suggest a modified long-term consumer welfare standard for competition policy. We formulate preliminary tests and predictors to assess dynamic competition. Our perspective advances a policy stance that favors innovation.

Efficient verification of anticoncentrated quantum states

I present a method for estimating the fidelity F(μ, τ) between a preparable quantum state μ and a classically specified pure target state $$\tau =\left|\tau \right\rangle \left\langle \tau \right|$$ τ = τ τ , using simple quantum circuits and on-the-fly classical calculation (or lookup) of selected amplitudes of $$\left|\tau \right\rangle$$ τ . The method is sample efficient for anticoncentrated states (including many states that are hard to simulate classically), with approximate cost 4ϵ−2(1 − F)dpcoll where ϵ is the desired precision of the estimate, d is the dimension of the Hilbert space, and pcoll is the collision probability of the target distribution. This scaling is exponentially better than that of any method based on classical sampling. I also present a more sophisticated version of the method that uses any efficiently preparable and well-characterized quantum state as an importance sampler to further reduce the number of copies of μ needed. Though some challenges remain, this work takes a significant step toward scalable verification of complex states produced by quantum processors.

Advanced Persistent Threat Detection and Defence (APT)

as the growth and popularity of technology has become simultaneous ascend in both impacts and numbers of cyber criminals thanks to the web. For many years, the organization has strived in ways of preventing any attacks from cyber-criminal with advanced techniques. Cybercriminals and intruders are developing a more advanced way to breach the security surface of an organization. Advanced Persistent Threats are also known as APT are new and a lot more sophisticated version for multistep attack scenarios that are known and are targeted just to achieve a goal most commonly undercover activities. this report, there will cover everything I know that tells us about APT with more word and brief explanations

DOES CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULTIES WITH ZENO SEQUENCES CONTAIN A SOLUTION TO THE DICHOTOMY?

We analyze contemporary thought experiments with some Zeno objects and infinity machines. We show how the method of reasoning from J. Hawthorne’s paper helps to understand the structure of one of the refutations of a rather sophisticated version of Zeno’s of Elea Dichotomy. After that, we propose an improvement of this version of the Dichotomy. Further, we show that the method of operating with infinite sequences of conditional sentences – proposed in J. Hawthorne’s paper – is insufficient to refute the last variant of the Dichotomy.

At Least Squares

This chapter focuses on the next important mathematical invention: the method of least squares. First, it sets the historical context for its invention by describing the events in France and Germany leading up to the French Revolution. Next, the chapter describes how the method of least squares was invented twice, first by Adrien-Marie Legendre (as an appendix to his celestial investigations in Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes), and then in a more sophisticated version by Carl Gauss, in Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. After that, an easy-to-understand description of method itself is given. Thus, the chapter goes from observation to probability and on to prediction, through regression, discussing ordinary least squares (OLS), intercepts, and slopes.

Review of Recent Detection Methods for HTTP DDoS Attack

With increment in dependency on web technology, a commensurate increase has been noted in destructive attempts to disrupt the essential web technologies, hence leading to service failures. Web servers that run on Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are exposed to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. A sophisticated version of this attack known as distributed denial of service (DDOS) is among the most dangerous Internet attacks, with the ability to overwhelm a web server, thereby slowing it down and potentially taking it down completely. This paper reviewed 12 recent detection of DDoS attack at the application layer published between January 2014 and December 2018. A summary of each detection method is summarised in table view, along with in-depth critical analysis, for future studies to conduct research pertaining to detection of HTTP DDoS attack.

Moral sentimentalism

‘Sentimentalism’ is a name for a wide class of views in value theory. Sentimentalist views are unified by their commitment to the idea that normative or evaluative properties or concepts are best explained in a way that relies, in some fundamental way, on an appeal to the emotional and affective nature of human beings. ‘Moral sentimentalism’ is simply sentimentalism that restricts its focus to moral properties or concepts. Moral sentimentalism contrasts importantly with moral rationalism, according to which the foundation of morality is to be found in the human capacity for reason. Often this capacity is taken to be of the same sort that yields knowledge of the truths of logic, mathematics or physics. Hume can be taken as an arch sentimentalist, and Kant as an arch rationalist. Sentimentalism takes six primary forms: expressivism, quasi-realism, dispositionalism, fitting-attitude views, reference-fixing views and rational sentimentalism. Expressivism holds that normative judgements are expressions of attitudes such as approval and disapproval. Quasi-realism can be seen as a sophisticated version of expressivism that attempts to vindicate our thinking and talking as if moral judgements were truth-apt. Dispositionalism, on the other hand, straightforwardly makes moral talk truth-apt by understanding it as factual talk about our emotional dispositions. Fitting-attitude views are similar to dispositional views, but they replace talk of causing certain attitudes with talk of meriting them or making them fitting. Reference-fixing views use our sentiments just as an account of heat might use our capacity to feel heat: as detectors of objective and external properties, the essences of which we can then discover. Finally, rational sentimentalism holds that concepts such as the pitiful or the admirable are ones we use to help regulate, by reflection and argument, motivational attitudes such as pity and admiration.

Tennant, Frederick Robert (1866–1957)

A prolific writer on religion and philosophical theology, Tennant produced book-length studies of topics as diverse as the philosophy of science and the origin of sin. He is best known by philosophers for his two-volume Philosophical Theology (1928, 1930), which offered the most sophisticated version then available of the argument from design for the existence of God. Tennant’s philosophical legacy consists primarily in the influence his methodology has exerted on later philosophical theologians.