A New Urban Functional Zone-Based Climate Zoning System for Urban Temperature Study

The urban heat island (UHI) effect has been recognized as one of the most significant terrestrial surface climate-related consequences of urbanization. However, the traditional definition of the urban–rural (UR) division and the newly established local climate zone (LCZ) classification for UHI and urban climate studies do not adequately express the pattern and intensity of UHI. Moreover, these definitions of UHI find it hard to capture the human activity-induced anthropogenic heat that is highly correlated with urban functional zones (UFZ). Therefore, in this study, with a comparison (theory, technology, and application) of the previous definition (UR and LCZ) of UHI and integration of computer programming technology, social sensing, and remote sensing, we develop a new urban functional zone-based urban temperature zoning system (UFZC). The UFZC system is generally a social-based, planning-oriented, and data-driven classification system associated with the urban function and temperature; it can also be effectively used in city management (e.g., urban planning and energy saving). Moreover, in the Beijing case, we tested the UFZC system and preliminarily analyzed the land surface temperature (LST) difference patterns and causes of the 11 UFZC types. We found that, compared to other UFZCs, the PGZ (perseveration green zone)-UFZC has the lowest LST, while the CBZ (center business district zone)-UFZC and GCZ (general commercial zone)-UFZC contribute the most and stable heat sources. This implies that reducing the heat generated by the function of commercial (and industrial) activities is an effective measure to reduce the UHI effect. We also proposed that multi-source temperature datasets with a high spatiotemporal resolution are needed to obtain more accurate results; thus providing more accurate recommendations for mitigating UHI effects. In short, as a new and finer urban temperature zoning system, although UFZC is not intended to supplant the UR and LCZ classifications, it can facilitate more detailed and coupled urban climate studies.

Potencialidades e riscos climáticos para o cultivo da batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) na Mesorregião Norte Central Do Paraná, Brasil

Apesar dos recentes avanços tecnológicos e científicos, o clima é ainda a variável mais importante na produtividade agrícola. Estudos que mostrem os riscos e as vulnerabilidades de uma cultura ao clima de uma localidade são importantes para o zoneamento agroclimático. A batata-doce se destaca pela sua rusticidade e pela necessidade de temperaturas elevadas para seu pleno desenvolvimento. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o risco agroclimático para a cultura da batata-doce na Mesorregião Norte Central do Paraná (MRNCP). Para isso foram utilizados dados meteorológicos de 44 estações com recorte temporal de 1976-2018. A análise do risco climático foi pautada nas exigências climáticas da espécie, sendo estas, precipitação, temperatura média anual e do mês mais frio e risco de geada. Foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas e de geoprocessamento para garantir uma plena cobertura regional de informações e contribuir para a tomada de decisão na agricultura da região. Identificou-se aptidão climática para todas as variáveis climáticas analisadas para o plantio nas áreas central e norte da região, enquanto nas porções sul e parte da leste, baixas temperaturas e o risco de geada restringiram a aptidão. Potentials and climatic risk for the cultivation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in the Central North Mesoregion Of Paraná, Brazil A B S T R A C TDespite recent technological and scientific advances, climate is still the most important variable in agricultural productivity. Studies that show the risks and vulnerabilities of a crop to the climate of a locality are important for agroclimatic zoning. The sweet potato stands out for its rusticity and the need for high temperature for its full development. The objective of this work was to analyze the agroclimatic risk for sweet potato crop in the Central Northern Mesoregion of Paraná (MRNCP), Brazil. For this we used meteorological data from 44 stations from 1976 to 2018. The climate risk analysis was based on the climatic requirements of the species, such as rainfall, annual and coldest month average temperature, and risk of frost. Statistical and geoprocessing techniques were applied to ensure full regional coverage of information and to contribute to decision-making in the region's agriculture. Climate suitability was identified for all climate variables analyzed for planting in the central and northern areas of the region, while in the southern and eastern parts, low temperatures and the risk of frost restricted the suitability.Key words: Agroclimatology. Climate aptitude. Variability, Temperature. Zoning.

Impurity elements in quartz from gold deposits of the Darasun ore field (Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia): electron paramagnetic resonance data.

The distribution of substitutional Al, Ti, and Ge impurities in quartz samples from the Darasun, Teremkinskoe and Talatui gold deposits, located in the Darasun orefield, were studied using the electron paramagnetic resonance method. Relationship between the isomorphic substitution and the dynamic recrystallization of quartz was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the plots of interdependency between the concentrations of various substitutional impurities in quartz (isogens) provided an opportunity to detect isomorphic substitution development trends. Two isomorphic substitution stages were recognized, one associated with mineral crystallization and the other, with its subsequent dynamic recrystallization. The first stage leads to Al impurity incorporation into the quartz crystal lattice, and the second, to Ti impurity incorporation. The Ge impurity is the isomorphic substitution catalyst, and its concentrations vary widely. It is noted that the second stage plays a decisive role, because it accounts for the incorporation of the larger part of substitutional impurities. This process is facilitated by the dynamic recrystallization of quartz. Four quartz genetic groups, which are described by individual isogens, have been recognized in the Darasun orefield. Two of them correspond to the quartz crystallized from a magmatogenic fluid directly or redeposited with its participation, and the other two correspond to the quartz crystallized from an altered fluid. The facts that substitutional Al concentrations are retained in quartz after redeposition, whereas substitutional Ti impurity concentrations fall dramatically, are demonstrated. Mineral formation processes at each gold deposit are discussed. Two types of temperature zoning, the normal and the reverse, have been recognized at the Darasun deposit. Each zoning is characterized by an individual quartz genetic group and the extent of mineralization system closedness. The genetically similar magmatogenic quartz samples found at the Darasun and Talatui deposits attest to the uniformity of mineralization process in the Darasun orefield. The established trends of isomorphic substitution in quartz are applicable in the studies of ore formation histories of gold and other ore deposits. Keywords: Darasun; Teremkinskoe; and Talatui deposits of the Darasun orefield; mineral formation; auriferous quartz; dynamic recrystallization; substitutional impurities; genetic analysis; isogens; isomorphic substitution stages; quartz redeposition; temperature zoning; EPR method; scanning electron microscopy

Temperature Zoning of Libya Desert for Asphalt Mix Design

The current asphalt binder specifications in Libya are based on the Penetration Grade: penetration test is performed at 25°C. Penetration is an empirical measure of the consistency that is used as an empirical indicator of the rutting and fatigue susceptibility of asphalt binder, and is not related to pavement performance. The new mix design methodology developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), called the SUPERPAVE is a performance-based approach. The first step in the implementation of SUPERPAVE methodology is to establish high and low pavement temperatures for a location. The temperatures define the required Performance Grade (PG) of asphalt binder. This paper documents the initial ground work towards implementation of SUPERPAVE mix design for establishing high and low geographical temperature zones. The temperature zoning of Libya was carried out by using temperature data obtained from 8 weather stations. The SHRP and LTPP prediction models were utilized for predicting pavement temperatures. A significant difference was observed between the predicted pavement temperatures from both the models. The SHRP model gives higher, high temperature PG grade providing additional protection against rutting. Since rutting is the most common distress on flexible pavements in Libya , the SHRP models at 50% level of reliability is recommended. The PG of roads that located in Libyan desert are classified to three zones (PG70-10, PG76-10 and PG82-10.PG 76-10 binder seems to be the most common grade that encompasses more than 70% area of Libya desert .However, currently none of the two local refineries produce the bitumen under penetration grade 60-70,that grade equivalent to PG 82-10 binder, thus it should be a concern for highway or the project location. The polymer modified asphalt binder are not produced by Libya refineries.