Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of Piper Longum L.

This study deals with the Pharmacognostical physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the whole plant of Piper longum L. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (10.8%), acid insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.2%), sulphated ash (12%), nitrated ash (1.85%), hot extraction (11.2%), water soluble extractive (4.8%), ethanol soluble extractive (12.4%), ether soluble extractive (5.6%), loss on drying (29%), swelling index (0.33) and mucilage content (0.8%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, mucilage, starch, steroid and flavonoids. This study helps to development of different standard parameters of the plant which help the plant identification and authentication. Keywords: Piper longum L., Whole plant, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Extract.

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Whole Plant of Pavonia odorata Willd.

Pavonia odorata Willd. belonging to the family Malvaceae is well known for curing a variety of diseases. This study deals with the Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Pavonia odorata Willd. The plant is widely used as a cooling, diaphoretic, diuretic, and demulcent. It is also prescribed as an astringent and tonic for fever, inflammation and hemorrhage. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation of the whole plant. The transverse section of root, stem and leaves were performed. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (4.45%), acid insoluble ash (0.754%), water soluble ash (6%), sulphated ash (6. 5%), nitrated ash (1.65%), hot extraction(10.22%), water soluble extractive (9.2%), ethanol soluble extractive (4.8%), ether soluble extractive (1.2%), loss on drying (25%), swelling index(1) and mucilage content(0.25%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, mucilage and flavonoids. The study helps in the development of standard parameters of the plant which help the identification and authentication of the plant. Keywords: Pavonia odorata Willd., Pharmacognostical, phytochemical evaluation, Medicinal plant drugs, ethnomedicine.

Synthesis and Properties of Hybrid Carbosilane Dendrimers with Cyclosiloxane External Shells

The hydrosilylation of polyallylcarbosilane dendrimers with hydride-containing six- and eight-membered dimethylcyclosiloxanes affords a series of hybrid carbosilane–siloxane dendrimers featuring different densities of the surface cyclosiloxane layers, while retaining all other molecular parameters. The main physicochemical constants of the resulting dendrimers are defined. The possibility of functionalization of these dendrimers by the opening of cyclosiloxane structural moieties in the external shell is demonstrated by the example of the zero-generation dendrimer bearing heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane terminal groups.

Phenylpropanoids from Liparis nervosa and their in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Eleven phenylpropanoids were isolated from the whole grass of Liparis nervosa, an orchidaceous medicinal plant. Their structures were elucidated as (+)-Syringaresinol (1), (-)-Syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), Sinapaldehyde (3), Coniferyl aldehyde (4), Syringin (5), Sinapaldehye glucoside (6), 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (7), C-Veratroylglycol (8), 7S, 7′S, 8R, 8′R-icariol A2 (9), Erigeside 2 (10), and Methylsyringin (11) by comparing the spectroscopic data and physicochemical constants from the isolated compounds with the data reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 9 were found to have potent in vitro antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS assays, and their IC50 values were lower than those of vitamin C. More importantly, compound 9 had a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 43.76 ± 2.03 µM, which was much lower than that of acarbose (IC50 = 273.12 ± 11.84 µM), indicating that compound 9 has the potential for the development of hypoglycemic drugs. In conclusion, the present study suggests that phenylpropanoids may be the additional representative type of active constituents in L. nervosa, which provides a new line of evidence to understand this medicinal plant.

Pharmacognostic Study of Bhustrina (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.)

Background: The plant Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. commonly known as Lemon grass belongs to Poeceae family and is a native of tropical countries, especially in Southeast Asia. Various studies has been done on the plant to reveal its potential therapeutic effects. Methodology: The study deals with detailed study about Ayurvedic literature of Cymbopogon, macro morphology and microscopy of transverse section of the Cymbopogon leaves. Other parameters like physicochemical constants and phytochemical screening were studied using the standard protocol. Results: The study provides referential information for the correct identification and standardization of crude drug of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.

Studying shape selective properties of synthetic CaA-type zeolite

The article presents experimental data on testing synthetic CaA-type zeolite for the purification of isopentane fractions from impurities of normal pentane. The separation of hydrocarbon mixtures the components of which are close in physicochemical constants is of particular difficulty in the technological processes of petrochemical production, while conventional methods cannot provide the required degree of separation, which is also characteristic of pentane isomers. It is shown that for the separation of substances, based on the difference in the size and shape of the molecules, a domestic CaA-type zeolite can be successfully used. Research methods and conditions of paraffin hydrocarbon sorption-desorption on a laboratory flow-through unit are described. It has been found that the adsorption capacity of zeolite under the experimental conditions is 11,8 g of n-pentane per 100 g of zeolite, with a purity of the purified fraction not lower than 99 %. Based on the results obtained, optimal conditions for the process of isopentane fraction purification have been selected.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Studies of Indigenous Medicinal Plant

Background: Ficus glomerata Roxb. is a moderate-sized avenue tree distributed throughout India both as wild or cultivated. It is traditionally used in various traditional systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Siddha and Homoeopathy. In these indigenous systems of medicine, different parts of the plant Ficus glomerata are commonly used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, bilious affections, stomachache, menorrhage, haemoptysis and also as a carminative and astringent. Objective: The current investigation deals with detail pharmacognostical studies on roots of Ficus racemosa mainly focusing the morphological, macroscopical analysis, prelimilnary examinations of root powder and florescence analysis. Methods: Physicochemical constants of roots of Ficus glomerata were estimated as per official guidelines. Results: Significant in vitro antioxidant activity was observed for alcoholic root extract of Ficus glomerata. The alcoholic extract and aqueous extract show the presence of tannins and saponins as major constituents. Remaining constituents were found to be carbohydrate, glycosides, phenolic compounds, gum and mucilage. Conclusion: Ficus glomerata possess significant antioxidant activities.

INVESTIGATION OF FLAVONOIDS OF THE ROOT OF THE PLANT SCUTELLARIA INTERMEDIA POPOV

Plants of the genus Scutellaria L. – the skullcap (the Lamiaceae family) on the globe are represented by 360 species, widespread in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions, including Europe, North America and East Asia. They are used in folk medicine and are a source of unique biologically active compounds with valuable pharmacological properties. The article is devoted to the phytochemical study of the flavonoids of the roots of S. intermedia. From the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the 80% ethanol extract of the roots, 6 flavonoids were first isolated. Based on the results of chemical transformations, UV, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectra, comparison of physicochemical constants with literature data, and comparison with samples of flavonoids isolated from other species of Scutellaria L., the compounds obtained wogonine, 5,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone (dihydrohispidulin) 5,6,7,4'-tetrahydro- xiflavane (dihydroscutellarein), luteoline and baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethyl glucuronide.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.)Dubard “Seeds”

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard belongs to family Sapotaceae. It is commonly called as Rayan /Khirni. The local people and aboriginals use the oil extracted from the seeds for cooking purpose. The seed has several therapeutic uses too. They are used in spermicidal activity, besides it is recommended for leprosy, ophthalmic, ulcers and in the opacity of the cornea. The oil from the seed is considered to be demulcent and emollient, used in piles. Although seeds and oil are in use; deliberate attempt to study them has lacked. Pharmacognosy can be the first step in deciding the status of a plant organ as a crude medicine. Hence comprehensive Pharmacognostic study of Manilkara hexandra seed was done. In the present investigation various aspects of pharmacognosy like macroscopy, microscopy, histochemical analysis, powder study, preliminary phytochemical screening, fluorescence analysis, and physicochemical constants were laid down.