Design, Construction, and Installation of a Drainage Lysimeter for Use on Sandy, Well-Drained Soils under Turfgrass

Using lysimeters to collect water quality samples can provide a better understanding of nutrient or other solute migration below the surface, which can inform landscape management for environmental protection. This 6-page publication presents the materials, construction, installation, and management of a specific drainage lysimeter design in a step-by-step format. Written by Jovana Radovanovic, Eban Z. Bean, and Alexander J. Reisinger, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, February 2021.

Simulation of nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil solution using parametric models and Hydrus-2D

This study estimated the nitrate and potassium concentration in the soil solution of drainage lysimeter using the mathematical models developed by Vogeler et al. (1996) and Muñoz-Carpena et al. (2005) and the computational model Hydrus-2D, while comparing the simulated and observed data using statistical parameters. The cultivar used for the study was ‘Prata Gorutuba’. The experimental plots were six lysimeters of drainage. Fertigation was performed weekly. The mathematical models developed by Vogeler et al. (1996) and Muñoz-Carpena et al. (2005) were used to determine the specific concentration of a given ion (Ci). The Hydrus software was used to simulate the dynamics of nutrients. The concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution were estimated by the model of Vogeler et al. (1996), adapted to the linear type CEw-Ci ratio and simulated by the Hydrus model, resulting in an acceptable characterization of the distribution of these nutrients.

Growth and fluorescence of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime/rootstock on Sunki mandarin hybrids under salinity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological behavior of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime/rootstock grafted on Sunki mandarin hybrids during the prefloration stage of the plants, in the field, under saline stress. The progenies originating from crossings of the ‘Sunki’ mandarin with ‘Rangpur’ lime and Poncirus trioliata, as rootstocks, combined with the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime as a scion. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal PB fields. In drainage lysimeter of 150 dm3, studying 10 scion/rootstock combinations, irrigated with two water salinity levels (CEa) (S1 = 0.3 and S2 = 3.0 dS m-1) making a 10 x 2 factorial scheme. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with 3 replicates and each plot consisting of a useful plant, totalizing 60 parcels. The scion/rootstock plants were transplanted at one year of age from the rootstocks sowing, being the beginning of the applications of the saline stress to the 15 days after the transplant lasting until the period of flowering, that is, up to 195 days after transplanting, During this period the plants were analyzed for growth and chlorophyll fluorescence a. The combinations less sensitive to salinity were composed of the ‘Tahiti’ grafted with TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 018, TSKFL x TRBK - 011 and TSKFL x TRBK - 030, it being possible to use saline water with up to 3.0 dS m-1 in irrigation. Salinity did not damage the biochemical phase of the scion/rootstock combinations, only affecting the initial fluorescence of the lighted tissue.

EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO E COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI CULTIVADO EM SOLO DO CERRADO SUBMETIDO À COBERTURA MORTA

EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO E COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI CULTIVADO EM SOLO DO CERRADO SUBMETIDO À COBERTURA MORTA HIPÓLITO MURGA-ORRILLO1; WELLINGTON FARIAS ARAÚJO2; PAULO ROBERTO RIBEIRO ROCHA3; ROBERTO TADASHI SAKAZAKI4; LUIZ FERNANDES SILVA DIONISIO5 E ANA ROSA POLO-VARGAS6 1Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Invitado, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, (UNC), Av. Atahualpa Nº 1050- Carretera Cajamarca-Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. [email protected] Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. Associado da UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônomo, Prof. Adjunto da UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônomo, Doutorando na UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Florestal, Doutorando na UFRA, Belém, PA. [email protected] Agrônomo, Graduada na UNC, Av. Atahualpa Nº 1050- Carretera Cajamarca-Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. [email protected] 1 RESUMO O conhecimento dos parâmetros hídricos de uma cultura é fundamental para o incremento da produtividade sem o desperdício de água. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar a evapotranspiração (ETc) e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) da cultura de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.) cv. Novaera, em condições de solo com e sem o uso de cobertura morta. O experimento foi conduzido no campus Cauamé da Universidade Federal de Roraima, em Boa Vista, RR, entre os meses de abril a julho de 2014. A evapotranspiração de cultivo (ETc) foi obtida por meio de lisímetro de drenagem. Os resultados evidenciaram que a ETc do feijão-caupi para ciclo da cultura sem e com cobertura morta foram de 311,0 e 260,4 mm, com valores médios de 3,5 e 3,0 mm dia-1, respetivamente. O estádio fenológico de maior demanda hídrica foi o reprodutivo atingindo valores de 5,4 mm dia-1 em solo sem cobertura e 4,9 mm dia-1 em solo com cobertura. Os Kc's pelos estádios de desenvolvimento, inicial (I), crescimento (II), reprodutivo (III), e final (IV) pelo método de Penman-Monteith foram equivalentes à 0,42; 0,82; 1,60 e 0,79 em solo sem cobertura morta, e 0,30; 0,73; 1,46 e 0,56 em solo com cobertura morta. Semelhante, o método de Jensen-Haise apresentou valores de 0,38; 0,76; 1,31 e 0,61 em solo sem cobertura morta e 0,29; 0,67; 1,19 e 0,42 em solo com cobertura morta. Palavras-chave: Vigna unguiculata. Otimização de uso de água. Consumo hídrico. MURGA-ORRILLO, H.; ARAÚJO, W. F.; ROCHA, P. R. R.; SAKAZAKI, R. T.; DIONISIO, L. F. S; POLO-VARGAS, A. R.EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETc) AND CROP COEFFICIENT (Kc) OF COWPEA CROP IN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT MULCH COVER IN THE RORAIMA SAVANNAH 2 ABSTRACT The determination of water parameters of a crop during its development is essential to maintain yield without wasting water. This study aimed to determine evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of cowpea crop (Vigna unguiculata L.) cv. Novaera during the various stages of development in soil conditions with and without mulch. The experiment was conducted in Cauamé, campus of the Federal University of Roraima, from April to July 2014, Boa Vista, Roraima state. Evapotranspiration cultivation (ETc) was obtained by drainage lysimeter, while the evapotranspiration reference (ETo) was estimated by Penman-Monteith and Jensen-Haise methods. The results determined that water consumption of cowpea in soil conditions with and without mulch were 311.0 and 260.4 mm, respectively. For Kc's developmental stages, initial (I), growth (II), reproductive (III), and final (IV), Penman-Monteith method showed values of 0.42, 0.82, 1.60, and 0.79 in soil without mulch, and 0.30, 0.73, 1.46, and 0.56 in soil with mulch, although the Jensen-Haise method showed values of 0.38, 0.76, 1.31 and 0.61 in soil with mulch and 0.29, 0.67, 1.19, and 0.42 in soil with mulch. Keywords: Vigna unguiculata. Optimization of water use. Water consumption

Performance of methods for estimation of table beet water requirement in Alagoas

ABSTRACT Optimization of water use in agriculture is fundamental, particularly in regions where water scarcity is intense, requiring the adoption of technologies that promote increased irrigation efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate evapotranspiration models and to estimate the crop coefficients of beet grown in a drainage lysimeter in the Agreste region of Alagoas. The experiment was conducted at the Campus of the Federal University of Alagoas - UFAL, in the municipality of Arapiraca, AL, between March and April 2014. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was estimated in drainage lysimeters and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 and Hargreaves-Samani methods. The Hargreaves-Samani method presented a good performance index for ETo estimation compared with the Penman-Monteith-FAO method, indicating that it is adequate for the study area. Beet ETc showed a cumulative demand of 202.11 mm for a cumulative reference evapotranspiration of 152.00 mm. Kc values determined using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 and Hargreaves-Samani methods were overestimated, in comparison to the Kc values of the FAO-56 standard method. With the obtained results, it is possible to correct the equations of the methods for the region, allowing for adequate irrigation management.

Utilização do lisímetro de drenagem para obtenção do “Kc” da mamoneira em plantio adensado

<p>A cultura da mamona é considerada resistente a deficiências hídricas, no entanto, apresenta considerável incremento de produtividade quando submetida à irrigação. Para o adequado manejo da irrigação um dos critérios passíveis de serem adotados baseia-se na evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e para tanto torna-se necessário o conhecimento do valor do coeficiente de cultura (Kc). Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se determinar o Kc da mamoneira em plantio adensado, no período de safrinha, utilizando-se lisímetro de drenagem. Foram utilizados três lisímetros de drenagem, com dimensões de 1,2 m de comprimento, 1,4 m de largura e 1,2 m de profundidade. Nos lisímetros foram plantadas oito mudas de mamoneira da cultivar Al Guarany 2002 com espaçamento de 0,3 m entre plantas e 0,7 m entre linhas. A ETc foi contabilizada no intervalo de 5 a 12 dias, conforme se observou o fim da drenagem. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pela equação de Penman-Monteith-FAO. A partir da relação ETc/ETo obteve-se o Kc para os diferentes períodos ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Os valores de ETc encontrados nas fases inicial, de crescimento, intermediária e final foram 1,65; 3,07; 9,14 e 5,85 mm d^-1 respectivamente. Os valores de Kc para as fases mencionadas foram 0,98; 1,41; 2,11 e 1,65 respectivamente.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Use of drainage lysimeter for obtaining Kc of castor bean in dense plantation</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Castor bean culture is considered resistant to water deficit. However, it presents considerable increase in productivity when submitted to irrigation. For the adequate irrigation management, one of the criterion considered is based on the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and is necessary for finding the crop coefficient (Kc) value. With the present work, we aimed at determining the Kc of the castor bean in dense plantation, during the off-season, using a drainage lysimeter. Three drainage lysimeters, with dimensions of 1.2 m of length, 1.4 m of width and 1.2 m of depth, were used. In the lysimeters, eight castor bean seedlings, cultivar Al Guarany 2002 were planted with spacing of 0.3 m between plants and 0.7 m between lines. The ETc was calculated considering the interval from 5 to 12 days, according to the end of drainage. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the Penman-Monteith-FAO equation. From the ETc/ETo relation, we obtained the Kc for the different periods over the crop cycle. The ETc values found in the initial, growing, intermediate and final phases were of 1.65; 3.07; 9.14 and 5.85 mm d^-¹, respectively. The Kc values for the mentioned phases were of 0.98; 1.41; 2.11 and 1.65, respectively.</p>

Estimation of water percolation by different methods using TDR

Detailed knowledge on water percolation into the soil in irrigated areas is fundamental for solving problems of drainage, pollution and the recharge of underground aquifers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the percolation estimated by time-domain-reflectometry (TDR) in a drainage lysimeter. We used Darcy's law with K(θ) functions determined by field and laboratory methods and by the change in water storage in the soil profile at 16 points of moisture measurement at different time intervals. A sandy clay soil was saturated and covered with plastic sheet to prevent evaporation and an internal drainage trial in a drainage lysimeter was installed. The relationship between the observed and estimated percolation values was evaluated by linear regression analysis. The results suggest that percolation in the field or laboratory can be estimated based on continuous monitoring with TDR, and at short time intervals, of the variations in soil water storage. The precision and accuracy of this approach are similar to those of the lysimeter and it has advantages over the other evaluated methods, of which the most relevant are the possibility of estimating percolation in short time intervals and exemption from the predetermination of soil hydraulic properties such as water retention and hydraulic conductivity. The estimates obtained by the Darcy-Buckingham equation for percolation levels using function K(θ) predicted by the method of Hillel et al. (1972) provided compatible water percolation estimates with those obtained in the lysimeter at time intervals greater than 1 h. The methods of Libardi et al. (1980), Sisson et al. (1980) and van Genuchten (1980) underestimated water percolation.