Factors Influencing the Settlement Intentions of Chinese Migrants in Cities: An Analysis of Air Quality and Higher Income Opportunity as Predictors

With rapid urbanization, the air pollution issue is becoming an increasingly serious issue given that people are strongly swayed in their location choice to settle down in a growing urban area where most job opportunities have been created. This study investigated the influences of both air quality and income on the settlement intentions of Chinese migrants by using microlevel samples of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data from 2017 and the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm in the air) to measure a city’s air quality. The results showed that the settlement decisions of Chinese migrants involved a trade-off between income and air quality. Poorer air quality could significantly decrease the settlement intention, while a higher income could significantly increase the settlement intention of Chinese migrants. However, as the migrants’ income opportunity increased at a location, the negative influence of poorer air quality on the settlement intention at that location gradually declined. Specifically, when deciding whether to settle down in cities, the migrants with a non-agricultural “hukou” (household registration) tended to pay more attention to air quality than the migrants with an agricultural “hukou,” and migrants who moved farther away in geographic distance tended to pay more attention to income. It was concluded that the influences of air quality and income on the settlement intentions of the migrants were robust and consistent after using different estimation methods and considering the issue of endogeneity.

Eucalyptus in Malaysia: Review on Environmental Impacts

Development of forest plantation is mainly intended to provide income opportunity and to ensure the improvement of the socioeconomics of society. Sabah Softwood Berhad (SSB) is one of the private companies that pioneered the development and commercialization of fast growing timber species and forest plantation. The Eucalyptus plantation in SSB was initiated in response to the emergence of fungal disease that implicated the environment. Nevertheless, the impacts of plantation to the environment regarding water use, soil erosion, nutrient loss, pest and disease, biodiversity, soil quality and hydrology are reviewed. The disputes among various scientists over the physiological and plantation aspects of Eucalyptus, especially their implication towards the environment are also discussed. This paper aims to present information on the impacts posed by the Eucalyptus plantation that will guide the planters and policy makers in facilitating a management plan to mitigate the impacts of this species to the environment.

Comparing healthiness across urban, peri-urban, and rural communities in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh

People in urban and peri-urban areas enjoy better physical access to health facilities compared to those living in rural area. However, healthier natural environment is commonly absent in urban and its adjoining peri-urban areas. Premising on the competitiveness of health determinants outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), this study has embarked upon comparing healthiness of different communities in a region as well as to ascertain the factor(s) regulating their healthiness related outcome. Relying on presurveyed 1397 household data spreading over an urban, two peri-urban, and eight rural localities in Mymensingh region, Bangladesh, the study has evaluated the communities’ healthiness in views of both the conventional perspective and using a set of health determinants. Illness and disease manifestation as well as socio-economic status of the households were analyzed statistically to get communities’ overall healthiness scenario. Later, comparison among the communities and contribution of different indicators were sought using a combined score index. In this study’s context, it has been found that urban is healthier than rural followed by peri-urban community. Here, rural areas lack education the most that should be improved; peri-urban areas need better income opportunity; and urban area requires better water-supply and waste management facilities to improve their respective health status in a community sense. There is not a commonly accepted health metrics for community’s comprehensive health assessment toward which this study sets a pathway. Besides, using the combined health index developed here, specific interventions required to improve community’s healthiness and minimize the gap among them can easily be identified.

Culture of Health in Practice

This book concerns the importance of achieving health equity throughout the United States. Its publication is timely, given the major challenges in American health care in recent years. These include reductions in health care coverage, the loss of funding to tackle social determinants of health, and the growing risks associated with climate change. The abundant data that document health inequities in housing, education, incarceration, income, opportunity, and so much else in the United States reveal the extent of the health-based challenges the nation faces as a whole. With these issues in mind, this book tackles a variety of topics centered on a “Culture of Health,” and includes contributions from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF) Sharing Knowledge to Build a Culture of Health conferences. The first part of this volume concerns the assets intrinsic to cultural identity and the contribution to the nation's well-being that this diversity brings. Next, the book calls attention to the places where people spend much of their time and shows how each setting has the power to generate health, or to undermine it. Finally, this book closes with a section on a broad range of interconnected topics that have drawn considerable attention from many fields and brought new perspectives to the table.

Collaboration for transition between TVET and university: a proposal

Purpose Despite the growing emphasis on revitalizing the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) sector in Bangladesh, very little discussion has taken place on reforming the current inflexible transition pathways, from TVET to the universities. This paper aims to reflect critically on the existing literature on TVET, in the global and national context, and the experiences of students and TVET experts, to develop a model of collaboration between the polytechnic institutes and the universities in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows a qualitative strategy of enquiry, using a mix of critical reflection on literature on TVET and higher education and unstructured interviews with two TVET experts, four TVET students and four students from a public university. It draws on the theories of collaboration and uses exemplary cases to illustrate and support the line of reasoning. Findings This paper identifies that there is resource dependency between the polytechnic institutes and universities in Bangladesh, and their institutional environment necessitates them to form collaboration to ensure flexible transition pathway, from polytechnic institutes to universities; this paper proposes a model for such collaboration. Practical implications This paper offers a guideline for forming collaboration among the relevant stakeholders. Social implications Collaboration between polytechnic institutes and universities in Bangladesh is likely to address the inequitable nature of TVET, by improving its social status and acceptance, as well as allowing higher income opportunity and greater mobility for the TVET graduates, coming especially from humble socio-economic backgrounds. Originality/value This paper contributes in the recent discussions on how collaboration among different stakeholders can contribute in achieving the sustainable development goals, with special emphasis on TVET.

The Potential for Homestead Pond Polyculture of Tilapia and Carps in Coastal Bangladesh

A fishers’ women-led Participatory Action Research (PAR) was conducted in 30 homestead ponds to assess the potential for polyculture of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and major carps Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Catla (Catla catla) in two coastal fishing villages of Bangladesh. Three treatments, namely T1 (Tilapia 200 fish per decimal; 1 decimal=40 m2), T2 (Tilapia 200+ Rohu 32+ Catla 8 fish per decimal) and T3 (Tilapia 200+ Rohu 8+ Catla 32 fish per decimal), each with 5 replicates, were tried in Hossainpur and Anipara villages. Formulated commercial Mega-feed was applied to the ponds twice daily at an initial rate of 10% body weight (bw)/day of Tilapia down to 4% bw/day throughout the culture period. The water quality parameters of ponds including temperature, transparency, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen significantly varied among treatments except temperature and pH and remained within optimum range for carp polyculture except salinity. The survival rate, harvesting weight and yield of Tilapia were significantly highest in T1 (85.63±05%, 258.59±18.76 g & 11073±805 kg/ha, respectively) in Anipara and lowest in T3 (75.63±0.37%, 136.97±10.63 g & 5180±406 kg/ha, respectively) in Hossainpur. The gross fish production was the significantly highest in T1 (11354±806 kg/ha) of Anipara and lowest in T1 (6325±227 kg/ha) of Hossainpur. Statistically, the highest net return (866,627±84874 BDT/ha) was found in T1 of Anipara and lowest in T3 (279,389±46104 BDT/ha) of Hossainpur with a significantly higher benefit-cost ratio (BCR) obtained in T1 (3.26±0.20) for Tilapia and lower in T3 (1.58±0.10) for polyculture Tilapia and carp of Hossainpur. Therefore, it may be concluded that Tilapia production in small homestead coastal ponds has a higher potential than its mix with carps in polyculture for generating food and supplemental income opportunity for coastal fishers’ women in Bangladesh.

The Potential for Homestead Pond Polyculture of Tilapia and Carps in Coastal Bangladesh

A fishers’ women-led Participatory Action Research (PAR) was conducted in 30 homestead ponds to assess the potential for polyculture of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and major carps Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Catla (Catla catla) in two coastal fishing villages of Bangladesh. Three treatments, namely T1 (Tilapia 200 fish per decimal; 1 decimal=40 m2), T2 (Tilapia 200+ Rohu 32+ Catla 8 fish per decimal) and T3 (Tilapia 200+ Rohu 8+ Catla 32 fish per decimal), each with 5 replicates, were tried in Hossainpur and Anipara villages. Formulated commercial Mega-feed was applied to the ponds twice daily at an initial rate of 10% body weight (bw)/day of Tilapia down to 4% bw/day throughout the culture period. The water quality parameters of ponds including transparency, salinity and dissolved oxygen significantly varied among treatments except temperature and pH and remained within optimum range for carp polyculture except salinity. The survival rate, harvesting weight and yield of Tilapia were significantly highest in T1 (85.63±05%, 258.59±18.76 g & 11073±805 kg/ha, respectively) in Anipara and lowest in T3 (75.63±0.37%, 136.97±10.63 g & 5180±406 kg/ha, respectively) in Hossainpur. The gross fish production was the significantly highest in T1 (11354±806 kg/ha) of Anipara and lowest in T1 (6325±227 kg/ha) of Hossainpur. Statistically, the highest net return (866,627±84874 BDT/ha) was found in T1 of Anipara and lowest in T3 (279,389±46104 BDT/ha) of Hossainpur with a significantly higher benefit-cost ratio (BCR) obtained in T1 (3.26±0.20) for Tilapia and lower in T3 (1.58±0.10) for polyculture Tilapia and carp of Hossainpur. Therefore, it may be concluded that Tilapia production in small homestead coastal ponds has a higher potential than its mix with carps in polyculture for generating food and supplemental income opportunity for coastal fishers’ women in Bangladesh.

Pengaruh Non Performing Loan Dan Biaya Oprasional Pendapatan Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih

<p><em>The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Operational Income Opportunity (BOPO), Non Performing Loans (NPL) on Net Income of 10 conventional banks that have the highest assets according to the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2017. The results showed that Non Performing Loan does not have a significant effect on net income, BOPO has an effect on net income. Based on the results of Determination Coefficient Analysis, the independent variables can explain the effect on Net Profit of 55.5%, while the remainder is explained by other variables not explained in this study. Based on the results of the F test, the independent variables simultaneously have a significant effect on Net Profit.</em></p><p> </p>

Comparative social policy analysis of parental leave policies through the lens of the capability approach

This chapter analyses public parental leave in five pairs of European countries and assesses its opportunity potential to facilitate equal parental involvement and employment, focusing on gender and income opportunity gaps. It draws on Sen's capability approach and Weber's ideal-types to comparative policy analysis. It offers the ideal parental leave design, one which minimizes the policy-generated gender and class inequality in parents' opportunities to share parenting while working, thus providing real opportunities for different groups of individuals to achieve valued functionings as parents. Five policy indicators are created using benchmarking and graphical analysis and two sources of opportunity inequality are considered: the leave system as the opportunity and constraint structure and the socio-economic contexts as the conversion factors. The chapter produces a comprehensive overview of national leave policies, visually presenting leave policy across ten European countries. It demonstrates that leave systems in countries from the same welfare regime can diverge in the degree to which they create real opportunities for parents and children as well as in key policy dimensions through which these opportunities are created.