scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Settlement Intentions of Chinese Migrants in Cities: An Analysis of Air Quality and Higher Income Opportunity as Predictors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7432
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Qingfeng Cao ◽  
Muhammad Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Income Opportunity ◽  
Settlement Intentions

With rapid urbanization, the air pollution issue is becoming an increasingly serious issue given that people are strongly swayed in their location choice to settle down in a growing urban area where most job opportunities have been created. This study investigated the influences of both air quality and income on the settlement intentions of Chinese migrants by using microlevel samples of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data from 2017 and the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm in the air) to measure a city’s air quality. The results showed that the settlement decisions of Chinese migrants involved a trade-off between income and air quality. Poorer air quality could significantly decrease the settlement intention, while a higher income could significantly increase the settlement intention of Chinese migrants. However, as the migrants’ income opportunity increased at a location, the negative influence of poorer air quality on the settlement intention at that location gradually declined. Specifically, when deciding whether to settle down in cities, the migrants with a non-agricultural “hukou” (household registration) tended to pay more attention to air quality than the migrants with an agricultural “hukou,” and migrants who moved farther away in geographic distance tended to pay more attention to income. It was concluded that the influences of air quality and income on the settlement intentions of the migrants were robust and consistent after using different estimation methods and considering the issue of endogeneity.

Evaluation and Management of Ambient Air Quality, with Special Reference to China

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Zhi-Qi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Hygienic Standard ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

Monitoring and evaluation of air quality in urban and industrial areas are essential for air quality management. For evaluating the composite air-quality in the concomitant presence of several pollutants in the atmosphere, many air quality indices have been developed. This paper presents two indices, the ‘composite air-quality index (I1)’ and ‘the standard-exceeding index of air pollution (I2)’ together with their respective sub-indices, for the pollutants monitored and for use in combination.The first index, I1, is based on the annual average concentration measured in a year for each pollutant; it measures the overall composite air-quality. By relating the annual average concentration (Ci) of each pollutant to its hygienic standard (Si), as many (Ci/Si) values as the number of pollutant parameters monitored are found, whereupon I1 is computed as the geometric mean of the maximum and average of all (Ci/Si) values. A greater value of I1 means worse composite air-quality. It is simpler to compute than those more sophisticated ones in the literature, and holds the unique characteristic of considering, and yet not overemphasizing as formula (3) does (Nemerow, 1974), the maximum (Ci/Si) value.

scholarly journals Feasibility and difficulties on China new air quality standard compliance: PRD case of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and ozone from 2010 to 2025

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 20923-20959 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Liu ◽  
X. M. Wang ◽  
J. M. Pang ◽  
K. B. He
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Southern City ◽  
Strong Control

Abstract. Improving the air quality in China is a long and arduous task. Although China has made very aggressive plan on pollutants control, the difficulties to achieve the new air quality goals are still significant. In north, PM2.5 and PM10 are still far beyond the standards. In south, O3 goal is much challenged. A lot of cities are making their city implementation plan (CIP) for new air quality goals. In this study, a southern city, Guangzhou, is selected to analyze the feasibility and difficulties on new air quality standard compliance, as well as the CIP evaluation. A comprehensive study of air quality status in Guangzhou and surrounding area is conducted based on 22 sites monitoring data of O3, PM2.5 and PM10. The monthly non-attainment rates for O3 vary in 7–25% from May to November. The city average PM2.5 concentration is 41 μg m–3 in Guangzhou in 2010, which needs to be reduced by at least 15% to achieve the target of 35 μg m–3. The PM2.5 high violate months are from November to March. Guangzhou CIP was then evaluated with PM2.5 and O3 placed in a core position. The emission amount of NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and VOC in 2025 would be controlled to 600, 420, 200 and 860 thousand tons respectively. Analysis of air quality using the MM5-STEM model suggests that the long-term control measures would achieve the PM2.5 and PM10 goals successfully by 2025. The PM2.5 annual average concentration would be reduced to 20.8 μg m–3 in 2025. The O3 non-attainment rate would increase from 7.1% in 2010 to 12.9% in 2025 and become the most primary atmospheric environmental problem. Guangzhou needs very strong control on VOCs to reduce its ozone. The VOC / NOx reduction ratio should reach at least 2 : 1 (in California, it is about 3 : 1), instead of the current plan of 0.7 : 1. The evaporative emissions control from vehicle non-tailpipe emission and solvent usage should be enhanced and regional ozone transport must be taken into account.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on Extremely Polluted Air Quality and Trend Forecast in Seven Provinces and Three Cities of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Pan ◽  
Yonggang Zhao ◽  
Meng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 broke out. Because the virus is extremely contagious and the mortality rate after infection is extremely high, China and many countries in the world have imposed lockdowns. Air pollutants during the epidemic period have attracted the attention of many scholars. This research is to use predictive models to describe changes in extreme air pollutants. China is the first country in the world to enter the lockdown state. This study uses data from 2015-2020 to compare and predict the concentration of extreme pollutants before and after the lockdown. The results show that the lockdown of the epidemic will reduce the annual average concentration of PM2.5, and the annual average concentration of O3 will increase first and then decrease. Through analysis, it is concluded that there is a synergistic decrease trend between PM2.5 and O3. With the various blockade measures for epidemic prevention and control, the reduction of extreme air pollutant concentrations is sustainable. The assessment of China’s air quality in conjunction with the COVID-19 can provide scientific guidance for the Chinese government and other relevant departments to formulate policies.

Numerical Study of the impact of Meteorological and Emission control on the decreasing of PM2.5 concentration in Beijing by WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ model system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qizhong Wu ◽  
Qi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

&lt;p&gt;In the past years, the PM2.5 concentration in Beijing decreases from 89 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2013 to 42 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2019, especially in the recent three years, that the PM2.5 concentration rapidly decreases from 73 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2016 decreases to 42 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. An air quality modeling system, based on WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ model, was established before APEC 2014 to forecast daily air quality and assess future air quality improvement plans, which plan expects Beijing&amp;#8217;s PM2.5 would reach to 53 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2020, and reach to 35 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2030. Actually, the PM2.5 concentration in Beijing has fallen faster than expected, that the annual PM2.5 concentration is 42 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in 2019. So how much influence do meteorological factors and emission control have on the annual PM2.5 concentration? The WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system has been used to re-build the PM2.5 concentration characteristics of Beijing from 2013 to 2019 to distinguish these two factors. Preliminary results show that under the same emission scenarios, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing in 2013 was 68.6 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in 2017 was 69.4 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. More detailed model results will be presented.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The Temporal And Spatial Changes Of Beijing’s Pm 2.5 Concentration And Its Relationship With Meteorological Factors From 2015 To 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Guo Peng ◽  
A. B. Umarova ◽  
G. S. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Currently, Beijing is facing increasing serious air quality problems. Atmospheric pollutants in Beijing are mainly composed of particulate matter, which is a key factor leading to adverse effects on human health. This paper uses hourly data from 36 environmental monitoring stations in Beijing from 2015 to 2020 to obtain the temporal and spatial distribution of the mass concentration of particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The 36 stations established by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center and obtain continuous real-time monitoring of particulate matter. And the 36 stations are divided into 13 main urban environmental assessment points, 11 suburban assessment points, 1 control point, 6 district assessment points, and 5 traffic pollution monitoring points. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing was 60 μg/m3 with a negative trend of approximately 14% year-1. In urban areas the annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 59 μg/m3, in suburbs 56 μg/m3, in traffic areas 63 μg/m3, and in district areas 62 μg/m3. From 2015 to 2020, in urban areas PM2.5 decreased by 14% year-1, in suburbs by 15% year -1, in traffic areas by 15% year-1, and in district areas by 12% year-1. The quarterly average concentrations of PM2.5 in winter andspring are higher than those in summer and autumn (64 μg/m3, 59 μg/m3, 45 μg/m3, 55 μg/m3, respectively). The influenceof meteorological factors on the daily average value of PM2.5 in each season was analysed. The daily average PM2.5 in spring, summer, autumn and winter is significantly negatively correlated with daily average wind speed, sunshine hours, and air pressure, and significantly positively correlated with daily average rainfall and relative humidity. Except for autumn, the daily average PM2.5 is positively correlated with temperature. Although Beijing’s PM2.5 has been declining since the adoption of the‘Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan’, it is still far from the first level of the new ‘Ambient Air Quality Standard’(GB309S-2012) formulated by China in 2012.

The meiofauna of a flatfish nursery ground

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McIntyre ◽  
D. J. Murison
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Nursery Ground ◽  
Intertidal Area ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Water Springs ◽  
Good Drainage

The meiofauna was studied over a 10-year period on a flatfish nursery ground between the high-water mark and a depth of 10 m below low-water springs.The sediment was well sorted sand, with median diameter from 210 to 279 μ in the intertidal area and 160 to 208 μ in the subtidal. It was composed of medium rounded quartz, with the calcium carbonate content mainly 0·25 to 2·20% by weight. Porosity was 33·39% and the coefficient of permeability ranged from 1·66 to 2·33 × 10–2 cm per sec, indicating good drainage. The sand was usually over 90% water-saturated, and seldom less than 60%. The annual average concentration of particulate organic carbonwas 205 μg/g sand in the intertidal, and 684 μg/g at 5 m depth. Corresponding values for chlorophyll a were 0·75 and 4·50 μg/g.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Content in Water of Resko Lake (North-West Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski ◽  
Ryszard Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
North West ◽  
Annual Average Concentration

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from Lake of Resko (North-West Poland). While the annual average concentration of Cadmium was calculated as 0.34 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.28 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Chromium was calculated as 1,75 ppm in 2008 of the year and 1.97 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Copper in the water was 0.05 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.06 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Mercury was calculated as 0.03 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.04 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Nickel in the water samples was observed to be 2.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.09 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Pb in the water samples was observed to be 0.07 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.05 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zn in water samples was 3.02 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.74 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.

scholarly journals Impact of Diwali firework emissions on air quality of New Delhi, India during 2013-2015

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
SUNIL KUMAR PESHIN ◽  
PRIYANKA SINHA ◽  
AMIT BISHT
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5

Diwali is one of the major and most important festivals celebrated all over India which falls in the period late October to early November every year. It is associated with burning of firecrackers especially during the night of Diwali day that leads to degradation of air quality that lasts for a longer duration of time. Firecrackers on burning releases huge amount of trace gases such as NOx, CO, SO2 and O3 and huge amount of aerosols and particulate matter. The present study focuses on the influence of firecrackers  emissions on surface ozone(O3) ,oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)concentration over the capital urban metropolis of India, New Delhi during Diwali festivity period from 2013-2015. A sharp increase is observed in surface ozone, NOx and particulate matter concentration during the Diwali day as compared to control day for 2013 to 2015 which is mainly attributed to burning of firecrackers. However the average concentration levels of the  gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) on Diwali day exhibited a decline in 2015 and 2014 as compared to 2013 due to increase in  awareness campaigns among public and increased cost of firecrackers.  

scholarly journals A New Wearable System for Sensing Outdoor Environmental Conditions for Monitoring Hyper-Microclimate

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Roberta Jacoby Cureau ◽  
Ilaria Pigliautile ◽  
Anna Laura Pisello
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Wearable System ◽  
New Device

The rapid urbanization process brings consequences to urban environments, such poor air quality and the urban heat island issues. Due to these effects, environmental monitoring is gaining attention with the aim of identifying local risks and improving cities’ liveability and resilience. However, these environments are very heterogeneous, and high-spatial-resolution data are needed to identify the intra-urban variations of physical parameters. Recently, wearable sensing techniques have been used to perform microscale monitoring, but they usually focus on one environmental physics domain. This paper presents a new wearable system developed to monitor key multidomain parameters related to the air quality, thermal, and visual domains, on a hyperlocal scale from a pedestrian’s perspective. The system consisted of a set of sensors connected to a control unit settled on a backpack and could be connected via Wi-Fi to any portable equipment. The device was prototyped to guarantee the easy sensors maintenance, and a user-friendly dashboard facilitated a real-time monitoring overview. Several tests were conducted to confirm the reliability of the sensors. The new device will allow comprehensive environmental monitoring and multidomain comfort investigations to be carried out, which can support urban planners to face the negative effects of urbanization and to crowd data sourcing in smart cities.

scholarly journals A review on Assessment of Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emission in Traffic Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneri A. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring

In Indian metropolitan cities, the extensive growth of the motor vehicles has resulted in the deterioration of environmental quality and human health. The concentrations of pollutants at major traffic areas are exceeding the permissible limits. Public are facing severe respiratory diseases and other deadly cardio-vascular diseases In India. Immediate needs for vehicular air pollution monitoring and control strategies for urban cities are necessary. Vehicular emission is the main source of deteriorating the ambient air quality of major Indian cities due to rapid urbanization. Total vehicular population is increased to 15 Lacks as per recorded data of Regional Transport Organization (RTO) till 2014-2015. This study is focused on the assessment of major air pollution parameters responsible for the air pollution due to vehicular emission. The major air pollutants responsible for air pollution due to vehicular emissions are PM10, PM2.5, Sox, Nox, HC, CO2 and CO and Other meterological parameters like Ambient temperature, Humidity, Wind direction and Wind Speed. Sampling and analysis of parameters is carried out according to National Ambient Air Quality Standards Guidelines (NAAQS) (2009) and IS 5128.

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