Fetishism and Sexual Objectification towards African (Black) Women in Modern Society: Analyzing the Portrayal of African Women in the Media

In the perspective of multicultural feminism, beside society needs to end the subordination of women to men, it also needs to end the subordination of women to fellow women depending on her race, religion, education, etc. Multicultural feminism also emphasizes the acknowledgement of the difference between each woman’s background to understand their issues. Even so, the fact remains that women of color; African women in the case of this paper, still face objectification by society. While considered as possessing the ideal physique to fit men’s sexual desires, African women are still considered subordinate than Caucasian women. This does not only emphasize the portrayal of women as objects to men, but also emphasizes the consideration of women of color being in lower class than Caucasian women. Thus, with consideration to the way African women are portrayed in the media as exemplified by the case analysis in this paper, it could be concluded that African women (and other women of color) are still more often objectified in modern society.

GERAK MUSLIMAH DI ANTARA MARAKNYA FEMINISME DAN ISU RADIKALISME: ANALISIS PEDAGOGI

There are various styles of feminism that have been developing today. Generally, there are terms called classic feminism and contemporary feminism. Classical feminism consists of liberal, Marxist, Radical, and Socialist feminism and they tend to be atheistic. Whereas contemporary feminism that is increasingly developing in almost all parts of the world is the third world feminism, multicultural feminism, religion feminism, and ecofeminism. This contemporary feminism includes atheists and theists. This discussion of feminism are explored in this article by interpreting freedom and equality between the Indonesian and Islamic contexts. On the other hand, the issue of radicalism is an issue that is widely discussed with the existence of several events that lead to terrorism and the desire to establish a system of caliphate on the earth of the motherland. Deradicalization of radicalism is characterized by selfishness, symbolism, and closed textual corpus. They should be transformed into a more moderate understanding. Therefore, as Indonesian moslem women, these two things need to be explored further because they affect women as the first madrasa and the nation pillars. Moslem women must be equipped with several important components in positioning themselves as a’ whole person’ in this millennial century. Those components are knowing the purpose of creation, building world views, recognizing self-potential, and becoming productive individuals in the domestic and social spheres. The creation of an Indonesian Moslem woman with a firm, virtuous, productive and knowledgeable principle is a nation milestone as a daughter, mother, wife and public sector. The women who become ‘ a whole person’ will be able to contribute in overcoming religious and national polemics.Abstract There are various styles of feminism that have been developing today. Generally, there are terms called classic feminism and contemporary feminism. Classical feminism consists of liberal, Marxist, Radical, and Socialist feminism and they tend to be atheistic. Whereas contemporary feminism that is increasingly developing in almost all parts of the world is the third world feminism, multicultural feminism, religion feminism, and ecofeminism. This contemporary feminism includes atheists and theists. This discussion of feminism are explored in this article by interpreting freedom and equality between the Indonesian and Islamic contexts. On the other hand, the issue of radicalism is an issue that is widely discussed with the existence of several events that lead to terrorism and the desire to establish a system of caliphate on the earth of the motherland. Deradicalization of radicalism is characterized by selfishness, symbolism, and closed textual corpus. They should be transformed into a more moderate understanding. Therefore, as Indonesian moslem women, these two things need to be explored further because they affect women as the first madrasa and the nation pillars. Moslem women must be equipped with several important components in positioning themselves as a’ whole person’ in this millennial century. Those components are knowing the purpose of creation, building world views, recognizing self-potential, and becoming productive individuals in the domestic and social spheres. The creation of an Indonesian Moslem woman with a firm, virtuous, productive and knowledgeable principle is a nation milestone as a daughter, mother, wife and public sector. The women who become ‘ a whole person’ will be able to contribute in overcoming religious and national polemics.

AN ANALYSIS OF FEMINISM IN SYLVIA PLATH’S POEMS (THE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF GENERAL MEANING, DETAILED MEANING AND INTENTION)

This research is aimed to know meaning and Feminism in Sylvia Plath’s Poems. The objectives of this research were to find out the general meaning and detailed meaning and to find out kinds of feminism in poems. This research used qualitative descriptive method using content analysis as the research method. This research used reading and taking note as collecting the data, and technique of analysis data in this research are reading the whole poems, interpreting poems, and making the conclusion. The data source of this research were taken from Sylvia Plath’s poems, they are; Daddy, Lady Lazarus, and Last word. The result of this research were findings showed that there were 64 data contained, 59 data in general meaning and detailed meaning in poems and there were 5 data in kinds of feminism in poems. This research concluded the kinds of feminism, they are Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Psychoanalytic Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Socialist Feminism, Multicultural Feminism, Eco feminism, and Postmodern feminism, this research also concluded the kinds of feminism in the poems, they are; poem Daddy (Radical feminism, Marxist feminism, Socialist feminism), poem Lady Lazarus (Marxist feminism), poem Last word (Marxist feminism).

The Combination of Gender and Ethnic Quotas in Electoral Politics

Around the world, countries are increasingly using quotas to enhance the diversity of political representatives. This chapter considers the histories and policy designs of ethnic and gender quotas that regulate national legislatures. Most countries with quotas target only one type of under-represented group—for example, women or ethnic minorities. Even in countries with both gender and ethnic quotas (called ‘tandem quotas’), the policies typically evolved separately and work differently. Women and ethnic minorities are treated as distinct groups, ignoring the political position of ethnic minority women. However, a handful of countries have ‘nested quotas’ that specifically regulate the political inclusion of ethnic minority women. The second half the chapter focuses explicitly on nested quotas. It lays out how nested quotas work, where and how they have been adopted, and the prospect for their spread to new countries in the future. The chapter concludes with reflections on the promises and pitfalls of nested quotas as a vehicle for multicultural feminism.

The Participatory Turn in Gender Equality and its Relevance for Multicultural Feminism

This chapter identifies two parallel ‘participatory turns’ in the pursuit of gender equality. At the state level, this participatory turn is best epitomized by the global adoption of gender quotas to promote gender equality and democratic legitimacy. At the level of minority groups, multicultural feminists have proposed institutional innovations to strengthen the voice of women within minority groups in decisions about the interpretation and evolution of cultural and religious practices. These two trends have largely occurred in isolation from each other, with little academic or political attention to how they might enrich or conflict with each other. This chapter introduces these two fields of academic debate and political practice, and lays out a range of questions about how they might be connected, which the following chapters explore. The chapter concludes with summaries of the remaining chapters.

Gender Parity and Multicultural Feminism

Around the world, we see a ‘participatory turn’ in the pursuit of gender equality, exemplified by the adoption of gender quotas in national legislatures to promote women’s role as decision-makers. We also see a ‘pluralism turn’, with increasing legal recognition given to the customary law or religious law of minority groups and indigenous groups. To date, the former trend has primarily benefitted majority women, and the latter has primarily benefitted minority men. Neither has effectively ensured the participation of minority women. In response, multicultural feminists have proposed institutional innovations to strengthen the voice of minority women, both at the state level and in decisions about the interpretation and evolution of cultural and religious practices. This volume explores the connection between gender parity and multicultural feminism, both at the level of theory and in practice. The authors explore a range of cases from Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, in relation to state law, customary law, religious law, and indigenous law. While many obstacles remain, and many women continue to suffer from the paradox of multicultural vulnerability, these innovations in theory and practice offer new prospects for reconciling gender equality and pluralism.

DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP BEBERAPA PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME MULTIKUTURAL: KAJIAN TERHADAP NOVEL SCAPPA PER AMORE KARYA DINI FITRIA

Diva is the main character in novel Scappa per Amore which is written by Dini Fitria. In the story, Diva travels to European countries and meets other female characters who experience patriarchal and social discrimination. This research tries to describe the discrimination which is experienced by female characters by using multicultural feminism approach. The novel indicates that the female characters in the novel are not only marginalized due to their gender, but also their age, religion, race, and the legal status of the children. Multicultural feminism approach focuses on multicultural aspects that respect diversities. This research believes that discrimination toward women could be avoided,because women need to be treated equally.Diva, tokoh utama dalam novel Scappa per Amore karya Dini Fitria melakukan perjalanan ke berbagai Negara di Eropa. Dari petualangannya, ia bertemu dengan beberapa perempuan yang mendapatkan diskriminasi dari laki-laki maupun lingkungannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat diskriminasi terhadap beberapa perempuan dalam novel tersebut dengan tinjauan feminismemultikultural. Melalui penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa beberapa perempuan dalam novel SPA didiskriminasi bukan hanya karena persoalan mereka adalah perempuan, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor usia, agama, suku, dan status anak. Paham feminisme multikultural yang menekankan aspek multikultur, sangat menjunjung tinggi keberagaman. Semestinya tidak ada diskriminasi terhadap perempuan yang berusia berapapun, beragama apapun, bersuku apapun, dan berstatus apapun. Semuanya harus diperlakukan secara setara dan harus mendapatkan penghargaan yang sama.

DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP BEBERAPA PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME MULTIKUTURAL: KAJIAN TERHADAP NOVEL SCAPPA PER AMORE KARYA DINI FITRIA

Diva is the main character in novel Scappa per Amore which is written by Dini Fitria. In the story, Diva travels to European countries and meets other female characters who experience patriarchal and social discrimination. This research tries to describe the discrimination which is experienced by female characters by using multicultural feminism approach. The novel indicates that the female characters in the novel are not only marginalized due to their gender, but also their age, religion, race, and the legal status of the children. Multicultural feminism approach focuses on multicultural aspects that respect diversities. This research believes that discrimination toward women could be avoided,because women need to be treated equally.Diva, tokoh utama dalam novel Scappa per Amore karya Dini Fitria melakukan perjalanan ke berbagai Negara di Eropa. Dari petualangannya, ia bertemu dengan beberapa perempuan yang mendapatkan diskriminasi dari laki-laki maupun lingkungannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat diskriminasi terhadap beberapa perempuan dalam novel tersebut dengan tinjauan feminismemultikultural. Melalui penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa beberapa perempuan dalam novel SPA didiskriminasi bukan hanya karena persoalan mereka adalah perempuan, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor usia, agama, suku, dan status anak. Paham feminisme multikultural yang menekankan aspek multikultur, sangat menjunjung tinggi keberagaman. Semestinya tidak ada diskriminasi terhadap perempuan yang berusia berapapun, beragama apapun, bersuku apapun, dan berstatus apapun. Semuanya harus diperlakukan secara setara dan harus mendapatkan penghargaan yang sama.