Characterization of metapopulation of Ellobium chinense through Pleistocene expansions and four covariate COI guanine-hotspots linked to G-quadruplex conformation

The land snail Ellobium chinense (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) (Eupulmonata, Ellobiida, Ellobiidae), which inhabits the salt marshes along the coastal areas of northwestern Pacific, is an endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Over recent decades, the population size of E. chinense has consistently decreased due to environmental interference caused by natural disasters and human activities. Here, we provide the first assessment of the genetic diversity and population genetic structures of northwestern Pacific E. chinense. The results analyzed with COI and microsatellites revealed that E. chinense population exhibit metapopulation characteristics, retaining under the influence of the Kuroshio warm currents through expansion of the Late-Middle and Late Pleistocene. We also found four phylogenetic groups, regardless of geographical distributions, which were easily distinguishable by four unidirectional and stepwise adenine-to-guanine transitions in COI (sites 207–282–354–420: A–A–A–A, A–A–G–A, G–A–G–A, and G–G–G–G). Additionally, the four COI hotspots were robustly connected with a high degree of covariance between them. We discuss the role of these covariate guanines which link to form four consecutive G-quadruplexes, and their possible beneficial effects under positive selection pressure.

Metapopulation of Ellobium Chinense Through The Late-Middle and Late Pleistocene Expansions: Four Covariate COI Hotspots Linked to G-Quadruplex Conformation

The land snail Ellobium chinense (Pulmonata, Ellobiida, Ellobiidae), which inhabits the salt marshes along the coastal areas of northwestern Pacific, is an endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Over recent decades, the population size of E. chinense has consistently decreased due to environmental interference caused by natural disasters and human activities. Here, we provide the first assessment of the genetic diversity and population genetic structures of northwestern Pacific E. chinense. The results analyzed with COI and microsatellites revealed that E. chinense population exhibit metapopulation characteristics, retaining under the influence of the Kuroshio warm currents through expansion of the Late-Middle and Late Pleistocene. We also found four phylogenetic groups, regardless of geographical distributions, which were easily distinguishable by four unidirectional and stepwise adenine-to-guanine transitions in COI (sites 207-282-354-420: A-A-A-A, A-A-G-A, G-A-G-A, and G-G-G-G). Additionally, the four COI hotspots were robustly connected with a high degree of covariance between them. We discuss the role of these covariate guanines which link to form four consecutive G-quadruplexes, and their possible beneficial effects under positive selection pressure.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS GASTROPODA DI SUNGAI DIGOEL DISTRIK EDERA KABUPATEN MAPPI

Edera District is the one of separated districts of six districts in the Mappi Regency. The increasing of community population has caused an increase activities in resource utilization, especially in the Digoel River area. As a result of excessive utilization activities can potentially cause pollution that threatens the existence and continuity of organisms such as Gastropods. This study aims to determine the community structure of Gastropods in the Digoel River in Edera District, Mappi Regency. The study lasted for 3 months from January to March 2018 by using the survey method and reviewing several variables including: diversity index, uniformity index and dominance index. The results showed that at the 3 observation stations the total sample was 1233 individuals. The highest diversity index value was at station II, namely itlic. and lowest was at station I Ellobium chinense species. Uniformity index shows that the number of uniformity is not evenly distributed in all three stations due to the occurrence of certain types of dominance. Keywords: Gastropoda; Community Structure; Digoel River; Mappi Regeucy Regeucy