Influence of the Basal Metabolic Profile on the Evolution of the Pediatric Patient with Obesity

Childhood obesity is a problem of growing importance globally. It is associated with significant health problems. Knowing how to treat it effectively would improve the quality of life of these children. The aim of this chapter is to study how basal metabolism influences the somatometric evolution of the child and adolescent population with obesity in a pediatric endocrinology clinic. Study childhood obesity in a tertiary hospital by means of a multichannel impedanceometry study. All the patients had a basal metabolism lower than the calculated theoretical ideal. In overall terms, weight reduction is not achieved in this pediatric population. However, it is observed a decrease in fat content in the medium term (1-3 years). Bioelectrical impedanceometry measurement is a simple method in clinical practice to evaluate the energy consumption and the body composition. Knowing the body composition of these children would help to intervene more effectively to help control obesity and its health consequences.

Generalized harmonic analysis reveals a frequency modulated timer regulates mammalian hibernation

Mammalian hibernators decrease basal metabolism and body temperature (Tb) to minimize energy expenditure in harsh seasons. During hibernation, Tb drops to low temperature (<10 °C) and remains constant for days, known as deep torpor. Spontaneous interbout arousals interrupt torpor bouts, when Tb recovers to euthermic state ~37 °C. Torpor-interbout arousal event repeats during hibernation. Little is known about mechanisms governing Tb fluctuation during hibernation. Here, we analyzed Tb fluctuation across Syrian hamsters′ hibernation cycle using generalized harmonic analysis and discovered a model with frequency modulation quantitatively reproducing Tb fluctuation. This analysis identified that an unexpectedly longer period of 120—430 days modulates period of several days, generating Tb fluctuation. We propose that concerted action of two endogenous periods governs torpor-interbout arousal cycles during hibernation.

Mallory bodies and their role in the patho- and morphogenesis of alcoholic disease

The authors consider alcohol disease (AD) as an independent disease, the pathogenesis of which passes 3 stages: episodic alcohol intoxication, drunkenness and alcoholism. In the last 2 stages, severe changes in organs and tissues develop. In this case, Mallory bodies appear in the liver, which is considered to be a marker of chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI). They are observed in most patients with alcoholism and very rarely in those suffering from alcoholism. The authors believe that the alcoholic hyaline Mallory bodies, appearing in the liver and other organs in CAI, is an autoantigen to which the body responds with an autoimmune inflammatory response that is not curable. Therefore, drunkenness, in which there are no Mallory bodies, is curable when alcohol is consumed within the basal metabolism of the liver and treated by therapists, and the treatment of alcoholism is futile. Therefore, the problem of CAI can be solved only with the active treatment of the stage of drunkenness by therapists with the participation of psychiatrists.

Skeletal muscle loss and body composition in progressive supranuclear palsy: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Introduction Skeletal muscle mass loss has been associated with decreased physical performance; however, the body composition characteristics in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are not well understood. We investigated body composition parameters, focusing on skeletal muscle mass, in patients with PSP and compared them with those of healthy older adults. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included 39 patients with PSP and 30 healthy older adults (control group). Using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, we measured the skeletal mass index (SMI), basal metabolism, extracellular water/total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), and body fat percentage and examined the relationship between SMI and age, body mass index (BMI) and other body composition parameters. Results The PSP group had a higher rate of low muscle mass (56.4%) than the control group (10.0%), although the ages and BMIs were similar. The leg SMI was lower for the PSP group, while the ECW/TBW was higher for the PSP group. The basal metabolism was lower for the PSP group than for the controls but only in the women. The basal metabolism and BMI showed a significant correlation with SMI in the PSP group. There was a significant correlation between SMI and age, ECW/TBW, and body fat percentage in the PSP group but only in the women. Conclusion This study is the first to show that a high proportion of patients with PSP have low muscle mass. We showed differences in terms of sex in muscle mass loss in women with PSP, which was associated with inactivity and aging.

Influence of the Basal Metabolic Profile on the Evolution of the Pediatric Patient with Obesity

Purpose: To study how basal metabolism influences the somatometric evolution of the child and adolescent population with obesity in a pediatric endocrinology clinic. Material and Methods: Study of the entire population diagnosed with childhood obesity in a tertiary hospital by means of a multichannel impedanceometry study, TANITA BF 430. Results: 100 patients were selected by chance and studied from a database with 1400 records. Most of the patients who attend to these consultations for obesity are girls, between 8 and 11 years old. All the patients studied had a basal metabolism lower than the calculated theoretical ideal. The group of boys at the beginning of their follow-up showed a higher basal metabolism and more similar than the group of girls. Girls had a higher amount of fat mass compared to boys at the beginning of their follow up. After their first year of follow-up, both groups achieved a decrease in the percentage of fat mass, double in the case of boys compared to girls. After three years of the study, it was observed that 54% of the boys achieved a reduction in their FM compared to 36% of the girls. In overall terms, weight reduction is not achieved in this pediatric population. However it is observed a decrease in fat content in the medium term (1-3 years). The reduction of this fat mass could be a protection factor against cardiovascular diseases in adults. Given the same adherence to nutritional programs, it is believed that physical exercise rates influence this reduction. It was also observed that the most relevant data in the evolution of obesity in these patients is the basal metabolism that they present at the beginning of their follow-up. Discussion: Childhood obesity is a problem of increasing importance in our society. Understanding its characteristics would allow different strategies to be taken for a better treatment and diagnosis of these cases. Boys, in general, achieve a greater reduction in fat mass in the same follow-up time. Due to sexual dimorphism, or a higher rate of physical activity. Bioelectrical impedanceometry measurement is a simple, cheap and easy to use method in clinical practice to evaluate the energy consumption and the body composition of the patient. In “healthy child” health programs and even in schools, an impedanceometry machine could be purchased to focus physical activity efforts on those boys and girls with a lower basal metabolism, adding a greater consumption factor such as physical exercise. Thus, it would be possible to increase the requirements and the basal metabolism of the patient would increase, favoring the loss of fat mass. Regarding the use of conventional scales, in this type of patients, if we only look at the weight variable, a bias could be created since it would not be noticed that there has been a decrease in fat content at the cost of an increase in muscle mass. Conclusion: We consider that it should be recommendable to supply with a multichannel impedanceometry every pediatric endocrine consultation room as it is a non-invasive, and easy-to-use test that can provide a great amount of information about the evolution of these patients, since we believe that focusing efforts on those boys and girls who have a worse basal metabolism could contribute to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the scarce health resources that we have.

Correlation of body composition with speed and agility of children aged 9-10

Purpose: Physical growth of children is measured by changes in body size and/or body composition, as well as by changes in motor skills. Motor skills can be affected by many factors, such as genetic predisposition, body composition, socio-economic conditions, and the like. Accordingly, the aim of the research is to determine the correlation between body composition with speed and agility of children aged 9 to 10 years. Methods: The sample included 40 participants (29 boys and 11 girls, 9.47 ± 0.5 years). Body height (BH), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF), and basal metabolism (BMR) were determined to assess body composition. The BOT-2 subtest was used to assess speed and agility, which includes: Shuttle Run (1SAA), Stepping Sideways over a Balance Beam (2SAA), One-Legged Stationary Hop (3SAA), One-Legged Side Hop (4SAA), Two-Legged Side Hop (5SAA), and Total Speed and Agility (TSAA). Results: The results of correlation statistics indicated the existence of negative correlations between: height and 3SAA (r=-.353, p=.026); weight and 3SAA (r=-.422, p=. 007); weight and TSAA (r=-.359, p=.023); BMI and 3SAA (r=-.342, p=. 031); BMI and TSAA (r=-.333, p=.036); BMR and 3SAA (r=-.369, p=. 019); BMR and TSAA (r=-.363, p=.021). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between body composition and speed and agility. In addition to body composition, a correlation was found between body height and performance of one-legged stationary hop, as well as between basal metabolism, the one-legged stationary hop test and the overall results achieved in motor skill tests.

BASAL METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA

The aim of the study was to give a comparative assessment of the nutritional status in patients with viral and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and to determine the directions of its correction.