METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GLOBODERA-RESISTANT POTATO VARIETIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST GOLDEN POTATO NEMATODE IN PERSONAL AUXILIARY FARMS

The decisive link in the system of comprehensive measures to contol the golden potato nematode is the use of globodera-resistant varieties and hybrids of potatoes. Before recommending any globodera-resistant potato variety for private household plots, it is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment of varieties in the globoderosis focus. This purpose is served by demonstration experiments that allow us to identify the positive and negative aspects of varieties and clearly show agricultural specialists and the population the advantages of nematode-resistant varieties. Effectively reduced the number of golden potato nematodes in the soil (by more than 60%) globodera-resistant varieties (Zhukovsky early, Impala, Santa, Scarb, Lady Rosetta, Picasso, Riviera, Arizona, etc.) with a powerful and branched root system when grown on a fertile, light in texture soil with the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, sufficient supply of soil moisture during May and June. Their cultivation led to a decrease in the incidence of globoderosis and, accordingly, an increase in potato yield. In order to increase the efficiency of soil disinfection with the help of globodera-resistant varieties and to obtain the optimal potato yield in private household plots, it is necessary to take the following measures: 1. In autumn – autumn plowing to the depth of the arable layer. In spring – cultivation to a depth of 12–14 cm with simultaneous harrowing. 2. It is recommended to cultivate potatoes in an anti-nematode crop rotation or fruit change no earlier than the third or fourth crop. The effectiveness of nematode-resistant varieties increases with the use of organic and full dose of nitrogen fertilizers. 3. To activate the activity of predatory, parasitic fungi and other antagonists of potato nematodes, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizers (manure, peat, compost) to the soil of potato plantings.

Pharmaiod efficacy in elimination of golden potato nematodes in soil

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of Pharmaiod application for golden potato nematode (GPN) decontamination in soil.Materials and methods. The object of research was GPN population recovered with soil from the APF "Russia", Vladimir Region. Tubers of susceptible potato cultivar Sineglazka (hybrid 15555) were used. Experiment to evaluate treatment effects and rates of experimental powder and liquid forms of Pharmaiod was carried out in pots by biotesting.Results and discussion. The obtained data showed that GPN larvae in soil samples died post application of powder form of Pharmaiod at dose level of 0.5% and 1%. Following application of 0.1% Pharmaiod alive GPN larvae were found in separate cysts. Pharmaiod liquid form significantly reduced the number of GPN females on roots (biological efficiency - 96%). Liquid form (at dose level of 0.5% and 0.1%) and powder form (0.1%; 0.5%; 1%) of Pharmaiod appeared to be phytotoxic: the tubers did not germinate and did not form a root system.

Applied problems of detection and identification of golden potato nematode

Detection of globoderosis foci, especially in the early stages of land settlement, is difficult, as typical signs of damage (growth retardation, chlorosis, leaf wilting, etc.) appear visually only after many years of cultivation of nightshade crops in monoculture or with minimal breaks. Under such conditions, the highest probability of their detection is provided by the selection of soil samples by the envelope method. At the same time, in comparison with other monitoring schemes, a more uniform coverage of the surveyed area is achieved. When conducting rapid analysis of moist soil, to increase the secretion of cysts, you should use a saturated solution of NaCl salt at the rate of 50 grams per 1 liter of water. Identification of cyst-forming potato nematodes should be carried out according to a set of morphometric parameters, biological features (using varieties-differentiators) and biochemical differences. Given the current high cost of biochemical methods of diagnosis, it is advisable to use them primarily to identify quarantine and new to science species of cyst-forming nematodes.

THE STUDYING OF DYNAMICS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOLDEN POTATO NEMATODES IN UKRAINE AND SEPARATE FACTORS ITS REGULATION

In recent years, the main sowing areas of potatoes have moved from collective farms to the private sector, which makes it difficult to detect nematodes and establish their level of harmfulness in different regions of Ukraine. The cultivation of potatoes in monoculture for many years, the unpredictability of the existing seed system of regular maintenance of individual farms with healthy planting material, the lack of knowledge about the protection of plants against nematodes, contribute to the spread of globoderosis in new territories. Research strategy to protect the potato crop from nematodes should be aimed at a low-energy and environmentally friendly system based on the use of nematodes, the correct application of crop rotation crops, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, the quality of planting material, since chemical hazards protect the environment. The outstanding issues in terms of regulating the abundance of golden potato nematodes remain the factors of the agrochemical properties of soils and their relationship with the pest size, aspects of the use of different potato precursors in terms of influencing the prevalence of the nematode, and estimating the monitoring status of its comparative numbers. The article summarizes the results of quarantine monitoring of the distribution of the golden potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll) in Ukraine and by region. A comparison of the pest prevalence rate over ten years of quarantine monitoring has been conducted and conclusions have been made regarding their success at the regional level. The phenological development of the pest is specified taking into account the climatological features of the Vinnitsa region. A review of the features of biology and the pest development cycle is made on the basis of which briefly described signs of potato damage in the field. On the basis of field studies, the effectiveness of the control of the potato nematode was evaluated by introducing crop rotation and selecting the appropriate alternation of different plants. The effectiveness of the use of potato varieties resistant to the nematode was assessed, and the level of their productivity against an infectious background was determined in comparison with the variety unstable to the pest. Conclusions have been made in the main areas of restricting the spread of the potato nematode in the private sector of potato cultivation in permanent crops. Key words: golden potato nematode, yield, varieties, crop rotation, prevalence.

EFFICIENCY OF CULTIVATION OF NEMATODE-RESISTENT VARIETY OF POTATO IN THE FOCUS OF GOLDEN POTATO NEMATODES

Tests of nematode-resistant potato variety Crystal were carried out on the garden of the town of Kondrovo, Kaluga region. The use of typical potato cultivation technology for personal subsidiary farms in the center of the golden potato nematode over the 10 year cultivation period has shown a high biological efficiency of the nematode-resistant variety (up to 100%). Complete cleansing of the soil from eggs and larvae of the golden potato nematode with 26,218 ind. up to 0 copies for 10 year cultivation varieties in monoculture. In some years, the biological efficiency of growing nematode-resistant varieties ranged from 18 to 66%, depending on the favorable conditions of the year. Under unfavorable conditions for growing potato plants, when a weak root system was formed, or during deep plowing of the soil, when cysts of golden potato nematodes with viable eggs and larvae were carried to the upper soil horizons, the number of nematodes increased by 36–64%. Cysts of the golden potato nematode, which may belong to different generations and are located in the deep layers of the soil, have been preserved in the soil for up to 14 years. However, viable eggs and larvae completely died for 10 years, which was confirmed by the conducted biotest for the viability and invasiveness of the larvae of the golden potato nematode. With a decrease in the number of golden potato nematodes in the soil, the yield of nematode-resistant varieties of potatoes every year increased from 86 to 414 centners/ha. The economic efficiency of growing nematode-resistant potato varieties for 11 years was 79%. Over the years, it ranged from 6 to 51%.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Diagnostic Detection of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a root-knot nematode that parasitizes a broad range of plants. In the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States, M. chitwoodi is a major potato pest. The nematodes infect roots and tubers; blemishes caused by the nematodes on the tubers significantly affect potato marketability. M. chitwoodi is a quarantine pathogen by many regulatory agencies, limiting potato trade opportunities when it is present. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to amplify the intergenic spacer (IGS2)-18S region of the ribosomal rDNA of M. chitwoodi. Using the LAMP assay, we could detect the presence of M. chitwoodi from infected Washington State soil samples. The LAMP primers showed specificity for DNA from M. chitwoodi and the closely related species M. fallax. There was no cross reaction of the LAMP primers with DNA from tropical nematodes M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica, or the Northern root-knot nematode M. hapla. The LAMP assays can be completed within 45 min, and they were 100 times more sensitive in nematode detection than conventional PCR. The LAMP assay will facilitate detection of potato nematodes M. chitwoodi and M. fallax. Knowledge of potato nematodes, particularly M. chitwoodi in PNW soils, will aid management decisions.