¿Es el clima de Chile un “juego de Niños”?

El Niño-South Oscillation (ENSO) is an atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon which historically shown an important relationship whit the Chilean center-southern rainfall. Thus, usually it is used for predictions mainly in newspaper articles, but it is an unsuitable approximation. Although ENSO effect is a fact, there are other indexes which mitigate ENSO impacts and they get little attention. Thus, in this work we describe the main issues related with the atmospheric phenomena remarking just the phenomena which usually are not considered in researches focused in general Public: Pacific decadal oscillation, Antarctic Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation. Also, we show the general impact of these phenomenon on rainfalls in the Chilean center-southern zone. El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) es un fenómeno atmosférico y oceánico que ha tenido históricamente una importante relación con las precipitaciones de la zona centro sur del Chile, lo que ha hecho que frecuentemente se utilice para hacer pronósticos, sobre todo en medios periodísticos, lo cual es un enfoque incorrecto. Pese a que el efecto del ENSO es innegable, hay otros índices que han recibido menos atención, y que moderan en gran medida el efecto del ENSO, por lo que merecen una atención mayor. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar los principales aspectos relacionados todos estos fenómenos atmosféricos, dando énfasis a los otros fenómenos que usualmente quedan fuera de los análisis: La Oscilación decadal del Pacífico, la Oscilación Antártica y la oscilación de Madden-Julian. De la misma manera, se mostrará el efecto que han tenido en términos generales en las precipitaciones de la zona centro-sur de Chile.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Mastitis in Southern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Mastitis is the most common disease of adult dairy cattle. The disease continues to be one of the most perplexing and costly diseases of dairy cattle. The present study was conducted to detect bovine mastitis cows and identify potential risk factors for the distribution of bovine mastitis of smallholder dairy farmers using the California mastitis test. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2013 to May 2015 in the southern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, on 146 head of randomly selected cattle, of which 99 (67.8%) were crossed zebu and 47 (32.2%) pure local zebu using the California mastitis test and questionnaire. The overall prevalence was 65 (45.5%), of which 72.3% of crossed local and 27.69% of local zebu were found positive for the CMT test. The investigated risk factors were the season of lactation (OR = 0.510, CI = 0.208–1.247, P = 0.140 ), washing hands between consecutive milking events (OR = 0.354, CI = 0.146–0.856, P = 0.021 ), and history of previous mastitis (OR = 0.441, CI = 0.226–0.858, P = 0.016 ), which had significant ( P < 0.05 ) effect on the present prevalence of bovine mastitis in the study area. A high prevalence of bovine mastitis was observed in the southern zone of Tigray. The summer season of lactation and not washing hands between consecutive milking of cows were significant mastitis causation risk factors in addition to the history of previous mastitis disease history.

PRIMARY MORBIDITY OF CHILDREN IN THE SOUTHERN ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN-MAIN TRENDS

The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.

Impact of Zinc Fertilization on Yield, Yield Attributes and Quality Parameters of Finger Millet Varieties under Rainfed alfisols of Southern Zone, Andhra Pradesh

Aims: To study the effect of zinc fertilization through soil and foliar at different stages of finger millet on yield, yield attributes and quality in two major finger millet varieties under rainfed alfisols of southern zone, Andhra Pradesh Study Design: Split-plot design Place and Duration of Study: Wetland farm, S.V Agricultural College, Tirupati and during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 (Two seasons) Methodology: Zinc fertilization to two major finger millet varieties viz., Vakula and Tirumala through soil and foliar application at different crop stages with following treatments viz., Control (No fertilizers and manures); RDF (60 -30-20 kg N-P-K + FYM @ 4 t ha-1); RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal; RDF+Soil application of chelated-ZnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1; RDF+foliar application of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence stage; RDF+foliar application of 0.2% ZnSO4 at grain filling stage; and RDF+foliar application of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stage. The yield, yield attributes and quality parameters viz., protein, zinc and iron content in grains were determined by adopting standard protocols. Results: The application of zinc significantly (p<0.05) improved the yield and quality parameters over control. The foliar application of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stage was significantly (p≤0.05) improved the yield and yield attributes of finger millet over RDF. The grain yield, straw yield, no. of productive tillers per plant, no. of fingers per plant were increased to 57.0%, 83.2%, 44.6% and 51.7%, respectively over RDF i.e., 60-30-20 kg N-P-K + FYM @ 4 t ha-1. The quality parameters namely protein, grain zinc and iron also increased up to 40.7%, 69.5% and 43.2%, respectively over RDF. Conclusion: Application of zinc sulphate at ear head emergence and grain filling stages enhanced the yield, yield parameters and quality parameters compared to other treatments of tirumala variety under rainfed alfisols of southern zone of Andhra Pradesh.