Examining the contribution of RAN components to reading fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling in German

We examined the contribution of rapid automatized naming (RAN) components (articulation time, pause time, and pause time consistency) to reading fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling in a sample of 257 German children (139 boys, 118 girls; Mage = 5.60 years, SD = 0.31) followed from kindergarten to Grade 1. In kindergarten, children were assessed on measures of RAN (colors and objects), phonological awareness, letter-sound knowledge, phonological short-term memory, and paired-associate learning. Reading fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling were assessed at the end of Grade 1. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that pause time and pause time consistency continued to predict reading fluency, but not reading comprehension or spelling, after controlling for the effects of the other cognitive skills assessed in kindergarten. Articulation time did not add to the prediction of any literacy skills. These findings support previous research suggesting that, during the early phases of learning to read, pause time holds the key in the relation between RAN and reading fluency.

Speech Rate Varies With Sentence Length in Typically Developing Children

Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sentence length on speech rate and its characteristics, articulation rate and pauses, in typically developing children. Method Sixty-two typically developing children between the ages of 10 and 14 years repeated sentences varying in length from two to seven words. Dependent variables included speech rate (syllables per second), articulation rate (syllables per second), and proportion of time spent pausing. Results Speech rate and articulation rate significantly increased with increases in sentence length, but proportion of time spent pausing did not increase with sentence length. There were no significant main effects of age. Conclusions This is the first study to suggest that sentence length differentially impacts the component parts of speech rate, articulation rate and pause time. Increases in sentence length led to increases in speech rate, primarily due to increases in articulation rate and not increases in pause time. Articulation rate appears to be highly sensitive to the impact of sentence length, while a higher cognitive–linguistic load may be required to see sentence length effects on pause time.

Optimization of presser foot and needle bar driving mechanism based on the complex method principle

The rod presser foot and needle bar driving mechanism of the embroidery machine cannot achieve accurate parking time and position at high speed, which limits the development of high speed embroidery machine and make the quality of embroidery decline. Aiming at solving this bottleneck problem, the characteristics of the embroidery machine presser foot and needle bar driving mechanism based on analyzing the mechanism kinematics is developed. These characteristics and influences of each linkage parameters on the presser foot parking time and position are analyzed. Six main parameters are selected to optimize by using the complex method. Taking the parking position and linkage parameters as constraints, the parameters of the main linkages was optimized in order to obtain the maximum parking time of the presser foot mechanism. The results show that the optimized parameters is more reasonable and effective, the pause time of the presser foot mechanism is increased by 15.5%, and the parking position of the embroidery machine is at 100° ± 0.5° as required by the technological requirements, which satisfies the requirements of the coordinate movement of the needle bar-presser foot drive mechanism of the high-speed embroidery machine. The study also provides a method reference for the follow-up high-speed embroidery machine research and development.

Akurasi Sistem Penjadwalan Sholat Digital Menggunakan Arduino Sebagai Pengendali

This study aims to design and create a Digital Prayer Schedule system at Masjid UPI "YPTK" Padang using Arduino as a controller. Prayer schedule data can be taken from the Indonesian Ministry of Religion website and stored on a MicroSD card. Likewise with the lecturer activity schedule data, also stored in the MicroSD. This data is processed by the Arduino module based on the program stored therein. The output is in the form of a prayer times display on Seven Segments and a lecturer activity schedule display on Running Text. The first time the device is activated, it must be set up using the input button. The setting process includes setting the date, time and iqomah pause time settings. After the data is saved, it is automatically displaying the date, time and the prayer times on Seven Segments. The system also automatically displays the names of lecturers who are tasked with reading the Qur'an, sayings Asmaul Husna and praying on the Running Text based on data stored on the MicroSD card. Testing is done by activating the equipment for a week non-stop. The system is tested both in terms of component durability in operation and timeliness in activating the Buzzer when prayer time has entered. After testing the designed equipment, the date, time and prayer times can be displayed properly on Seven Segments and the schedule of lecturer activities also can be displayed well on the Running Text. Thus the system can be used and produced on a larger scale.

A Throughput Based Fuzzy System In MANET

In mobile ad-hoc network, throughput is very important performance parameter. It depends upon different other network parameters like speed of nodes, pause time, density of nodes. To obtain a desired throughput in mobile ad-hoc network, a fuzzy based throughput calculation work has been performed in this paper. In this work, DSDV routing protocol is implemented in two steps: one is fuzzy based system and another is network simulation based scenarios. Designing the rule based fuzzy system and evaluating the DSDV routing protocol in network simulator work is carried out in this research work. Throughput is considered as main performance parameter for evaluating the table driven protocol. Fuzzy system is designed using one input parameter throughput and four output parameters like pause time, maximum speed, node density, and maximum number of connections. An input will be given by the user and based on that input value; other output parameter values will be calculated by the fuzzy system. In network simulator based scenario, varying the maximum number of connections, maximum speed, pause times, number of nodes, different scenarios were generated and routing protocol’s performance is evaluated.

Pausas em uma tarefa de tradução e percepção do nível de Dificuldade da Tarefa de Tradução

A translation task from English into Spanish (Castilian) was carried out by 5 graduate students and 1 undergraduate student highly proficient in English and Spanish. The software Inputlog was used to record all pauses and keystrokes during the translation task. Various relations were examined in attempt to draw conclusions about cognitive effort during the translation task. The first relation examined was between self-reported L1 and Verbal Fluency Scores in L1 and L2. We predicted that participants would score higher on the Verbal Fluency Test in their L1 and found this to be true for 4 out of 6 participants. We also investigated the relation between verbal fluency score and perceived level of task difficulty. We predicted that the translation task into Spanish would be perceived as less difficult for the participants who scored higher in Spanish on the verbal fluency score. This result was only the case for one out of 3 participants who scored higher in Spanish on the Verbal Fluency Test. We also looked at the relation between degree of satisfaction with the target text and perceived level of task difficulty and predicted that participants who perceived the translation task as more difficult would be less satisfied with the final product. This was the case for 4 out of 6 participants. Next, we looked at total task time and total pause time, we hypothesized that variations in pause time across participants may be due to differences in L1 however the lowest and highest pause times recorded in our data were both L1 Spanish. Finally, we looked at the number of pauses and mean time of pauses at different segment levels and found results consistent with prior research where as pauses were more frequent at lower segment levels as opposed to higher segment levels. These results suggest that pauses are in fact an indicator of cognitive load during a translation task and that translating into the participant’s L1 may help to alleviate some of this cognitive load.